Imizekelo zoluntu zendalo: ulwandle, ocean, ichibi, kumgxobhozo, intsimi

Yonke esakha ihlabathi ngaphandle, - uluntu zendalo ngokuqhelekileyo abo okanye ezinye iimeko - yinkqubo ephelele. Iziqalelo yale isakhiwo ukusebenzisana ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kunye nabanye. Zeziphi iindawo zendalo kunye noluntu? Njani kwahluka enye kwenye? Indlela ukusebenzisana noluntu zendalo eziphilayo? Malunga eli - kamva kweli nqaku.

biogeocoenosis

Le nkcazo yaziswa okokuqala Vladimir Sukachev - nani lwenzululwazi Russian, geobotanist. Le biogeocoenosis Ingcamango (BIOS - "ubomi", "umhlaba" - n, koynos - "oqhelekileyo") ithathwa inkqubo kwinqanaba eliphezulwana kunelo Biostructures "umzimba". Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu yokuba indlela yenziwa hayi ngaphakathi phakathi imizimba. Njengenxalenye ubudlelwane biogeocoenose kwenzeka phakathi iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Bobabini, besenza imisebenzi ethile, zinika ubukho biogeocoenose ezifunekayo.

eziphilayo

ngeentlobo ezahlukileyo zezityalo twa phezu komhlaba umhlaba alikho efanayo, yaye ngokuhambelana kunye neemeko zendawo. Ngenxa yoko, bakha "iqela" yendalo. Impefumlelwano eziphilayo phantsi ummandla abiotic iqinisekisa ukumanyana uphiko. Le ingqibelelo ukwabizwa ngokuba ecosystem (inkqubo eziphilayo). Le mbono, kunye nenkcazo "biogeocoenosis" isebenza nenkcazelo yoluntu yendalo. Kodwa ngoxa le nkcazelo ezi mpawu ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo. Ngoko ke, ingcamango "eziphilayo" luqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko apho sijongene nolwalamano ngezinto ngaphakathi kuluntu yendalo. "Biogeocoenosis" idla kusetyenziswa ukuchaza inkqubo ethile, zendalo, emi intsimi, yaye intsebenziswano yawo kunye namanye "amaqela". Imizekelo zoluntu zemvelo: endle, eli lizwekazi, emlanjeni kunye nabanye.

Izilwanyana nezityalo

Ukuqwalasela imizekelo zoluntu zendalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo ifuthe ukuba izilwanyana kwezi zakhiwo. Kuye kucingelwe ukuba izilwanyana zasendle zikhululekile ukuba ukhethe indawo yabo yokuhlala, yaya kuphambukela apho nendlela abafuna. Kodwa enyanisweni akunjalo. Ukuba ukhangela kule mizekelo zoluntu zendalo, ukwakhiwa zamaqela izilwanyana kwiimeko ezithile, oko akubonakali random, kodwa iseti kakhulu ezithile kweentlobo eziziimpawu omnye okanye enye inkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, ulwalamano zibonakala ngokucacileyo obubambekayo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngenxa yoko, le enezityalo nezilwanyana basebenzisane kunye ezincane, nazo ngaphakathi kwimida indawo yokuhlala yendalo. iilwandle Community Natural kunye neelwandle zahluke neyantlukwano udidi, iimeko apho kukho-nxaxheba abasuka kwezinye eziphilayo. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, imigaqo jikelele yentsebenziswano iyagcinwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko.

ulwazi jikelele

Naluphi na uluntu yendalo yinto entsokothileyo eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Njengenxalenye yale meko efanayo, ubukho izilwanyana, izityalo, izinto ezincinci eziphilayo. bonke babe negalelo omnye komnye kwaye apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko ezithile ikhona kwindawo ethile. Ngaphakathi "eziphilayo" ibunjiwe zigcinwe ejikelezayo kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Isikali kwenkqubo eziphilayo inokuba nomahluko. Ngasekupheleni iquka iindawo zendalo kweelwandle neelwandlekazi. Ngelo xesha eziphilayo ezincinane zifakiwe kwi elikhulu. Ngoko ke, Bog uluntu zendalo angangena-ecosystem of hlathi. Ukongeza iinkqubo zendalo, kukho ngumntu. Zidalwa ngumntu. Eminye imizekelo zoluntu yemvelo amachibi, akwariyam, yogcino, kunye nezinye.

Ukusebenzelana Lokutya Bendalo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na ingqalelo uluntu yendalo (i kumgxobhozo, nemisinga, ichibi, njalo-njalo), ngaphakathi enoluhlu yentsebenziswano. Ulwalamano iphambili ukuhlangana ukutya. Ngokusisiseko, ikhonkco sokuqala, igalelo lokusekwa amandla izabelo, kuquka nayiphi na indlela yoluntu yendalo (elwandle, eli hlathi kunye nabanye), zizityalo. Baya usebenzisa kuphela amandla kwelanga, bayakwazi kwezinto izimbiwa, icarbon dioxide langoku emanzini okanye emhlabeni ukuze zenze ulungelelwaniso. Izityalo zikukutya lomqolo herbivorous kunye ezingenamqolo. Nabo ke, zitya amarhamncwa - iintaka ezidla. Ngoko kukho links zokutya. supply chain Kubonakala ngathi ngokubanzi, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: isityalo-izilwanyana (ezitya utyani) -hischniki. Kwezinye iimeko, isekethi ezo nzima ngokuthi kongezwe intermediates. Umzekelo, amarhamncwa wokuqala kuba kukudla yokugqibela, abo, bona, kuba lesithathu njalo njalo. Ngoko ke, uluntu yendalo ziquka imibungu ezitya izityalo. Ezi izidalwa, zibuye zibe kukutya naziphi na izinambuzane karhataka ukuba zidle iintaka izinambuzane-ukutya ukuba ixhoba ezintakeni izilwanyana amaxhoba. Ukuqwalasela imizekelo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu zendalo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba inkunkuma njengenxalenye nayiphi ecosystem ukuba ukutya khona apho: izityalo ezifileyo okanye amalungu abo (amagqabi, amagqabi), izidumbu izilwanyana ezifileyo okanye indle yawo. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka yimisundululu, amabhungane kunye nezinye gravediggers. Nangona kunjalo, indima ephambili kule yokubola izinto eziphilayo bobabo iintsholongwane kunye nomngundo. Kuyinto ngenxa ukuba kukho utshintsho into ephilayo ukuba iikhompawundi nezimbiwa, ezinokukwazi ukuphinda-sebenzisa izityalo. Ngoko ke mjikelo izinto yenziwe.

microclimate

Ukuqwalasela naluphi na uluntu yendalo (Ocean lizwekazi), sibona, ukongeza ukutya, kunye nezinye zonxibelelwano. Ngenxa yoko, izityalo benza sezulu esithile, microclimate. zezinto ezahlukeneyo bume ezintweni - ukufuma, ubushushu, intshukumo umoya, ukukhanyisa kunye nabanye - phantsi nohlaza kuya kuba umahluko ebalulekileyo ukusuka jikelele ukuya kwindawo enye. Ngoko ke, uluntu zendalo ye elinemvula ngexesha usuku ukufuma eliphezulu. Emini kukho ngaphezu epholileyo enomthunzi, ebusuku ngexesha elinye, phezu koko, ufudumele kakhulu kunaleyo evulekileyo. Okanye emadlelweni, umzekelo, ukufuma kunye amaqondo obushushu bomhlaba umphezulu iya kwahluka kwabo kwenziwa kumphezulu ebalelelwe lilanga. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isiciko zezityalo kuthintela ukhukhuliseko - ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kunye meko. iimpembelelo Microclimate ubomi kunye nokwakheka iintlobo zezilwanyana ukuba ahlale yokuhlala. Abakhethwe ngenxa yokuhlala yayo, apho kufuneka nje kuphela ukutya kuyimfuneko, kodwa ngokubanzi, imozulu, ubushushu, ukufuma kunye nezinye iimeko ziya kuba kangangoko.

Impembelelo umsebenzi yezilwanyana ecosystem

Okokuqala, abaninzi iintlobo nezidubula ngayo iindidi zezityalo ezimvumvuzelwa zizinambuzane, kwaye kwezinye iimeko neentlobo zabo ezithile kwaye ukuba ukuba engekhoyo, ibeetroot zizale. Ukusasazwa kwembewu ezinye iintlobo enezityalo nako wayisa zizilwanyana. Ukongeza, imisebenzi ezinye iintlobo eziphilayo kuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kukhuseleko kweemeko ezithile kwi-ecosystem. Umzekelo, yimisundululu, ehamba indlela emgodini, igalelo bezikhulule umhlaba, waba a nzulu kwaye lula ngakumbi agqobhoza amanzi emoyeni, kwakunye neenkqubo yokubola organic iintsalela ezahlukeneyo zenzeke ngokukhawuleza.

Ukutshintsha zemvelo ziintlobo utshintsho

iinkqubo ezinjalo inokwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo abiotic, imiba zasemanzini, yaye ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu. Ukutshintsha iindawo zendalo ubomi ngenxa yempembelelo eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo iyaqhubeka amakhulu amawaka eminyaka. Indima ephambili kule nkqubo bobabo ezityalweni. Kukho imizekelo ezahlukeneyo loluntu zendalo kuzakutshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle. Isantya utshintsho kulo mzekelo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Sinako siqwalasele eziphilayo "ichibi". uluntu Natural - kulo mzekelo, umzimba ngamanzi - ngcembe uqalisa ukwehla kuyaphi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ivela lolu daka emazantsi. umaleko yawo iqalisa ukwandisa: iintsalela baziqwebele izilwanyana zonxweme zasemanzini kunye nezityalo, nelamaxandeka pula-off kunye kweengqakumbana zomhlaba. Ekuhambeni yokuba kwidama nzulu, kunye iibhanki ziqala ukukhula neengcongolo nemikhanzi, sedges uze. Ngoko ke lake - noluntu lendalo uhlobo olufanayo - eziguqulayo lube eziphilayo ngokomgangatho ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqokelelela organic iintsalela ukwenzeka ngokukhawuleza yaye ngokukhawuleza, ukwakha iidipozithi afanayo. Ezinye iintlobo zezityalo kunye zezilwanyana indawo ngabanye ukuba ziqhelana ngakumbi ebomini kwindawo entsha. Ngenxa yoko, indawo entsha yendalo - kumgxobhozo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba aqhubeke utshintsho kwi ecosystem. Ngenxa yoko, ukuze babonakale imithi ngendlela ukungafuni kunye amatyholo. Yaye ngokuthe ngcembe, endaweni dama sele kukho ihlathi.

eziphila Ukutshintsha ngenxa yezenzo zabantu

Le mizekelo ingasentla zoluntu yendalo banikwe, ukuba iye yatshintsha ngokwendalo ngokunxulumene endaweni lweentlobo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuvela izityalo ezitsha, izilwanyana, Cya, umngundo, kwaye ukuyilwa kweemeko ezintsha - inkqubo elide ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ihlale amashumi, amakhulu, okanye amawaka eminyaka. Kodwa eziphilayo ukutshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu kulula kakhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, kusenokuba ngokwaneleyo, iminyaka eliqela, kunokuba omnye eziphilayo elinye. Ngoko ke, ukuba kwi echibini - uluntu yendalo kunye sisincoko ethile iintlobo zezityalo kunye eziphilileyo - aqalile uku rhweba amdaka, inkunkuma kamasipala, umgquba evela emasimini, ioksijini ekhoyo emanzini, iqala ukuba kudliwe igcwala. Ngenxa awayengabemi le eziphilayo iintlobo aqalile ukufumana ioksijini ngaphantsi kunye nezinye iikhompawundi nezondlo. Oku kuphakamisa ukufa izityalo ezininzi kunye nezidalwa eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, kakhulu kunciphise ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izityalo niqalise ukuba endaweni enye, amanzi uqalisa "atyatyambe". Endaweni zeentlanzi kukutya 'ephantsi-ixabiso "iintlobo iphela, izinambuzane ezininzi, izilwanyana, iintsholongwane. Ngenxa yoko - kanye zizityebi ecosystem iba umzimba obolileyo amanzi.

Ukubuyiselwa yeenkqubo zendalo

Ukuba impembelelo zomntu kwi kwisigaba esithile siyeka (xa elinye imeko ayikho nokubaleka kakhulu), inkqubo self-yokuphilisa kuqala ngaphakathi kuluntu yendalo. Kwaye kuyo indima ephambili kwakhona kunikwe ezityalweni. Ngokomzekelo, xa amadlelo ekupheleni kwempahla amadlelo aqalile ukuvela ingca ende. Ichibi likwaqhuba inkqubo yendalo lokuhlanjululwa ziye isasazeka ukusuka lona lisiza kwiseli enye, blue-eluhlaza, kangangokuba kwakhona ukuqala ukuvela intlanzi, molluscs kunye nentlanzi. Kwimeko ukuba isakhiwo trophic kunye iintlobo lulula kakhulu kwaye inkqubo self-impiliso yinto engenakwenzeka, umntu ukuba angangenelela ecosystem kwakhona. Kodwa kulo mzekelo msebenzi yayo ayenziwanga sineenjongo ezingatshabalalisa. Ngokomzekelo, xa amadlelo baqale yokutyala imifuno ekusebenziseni kwihlathi ukutyalwa kwemithi. Amadama ezihlambulukileyo, ngoko ukuqala kubo intlanzi abaselula. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba ukuchacha zoluntu yendalo kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ukunyhashwa buso. Kulo mba, izenzo zabantu kufuneka ngaphezulu embundwini womnyango, emva oqhubekekisa akunakwenzeka a self ndo.

Isiphumo zinto abiotic

Uphuhliso notshintsho kuluntu zemvelo phantsi kweempembelelo utshintsho elibukhali kwiimeko zemozulu, ukuhla kumsebenzi solar, umsebenzi mlilo, iinkqubo intaba-sakhiwo. Ezi kunye nezinye izinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo kuthiwa abiotic. Baqumbisa kukophula uzinzo yemvelo eziphilayo. Kufuneka ke ukuba ezi zendalo kufuneka amandla akukho mda ukuba zibuye. Ukuba impembelelo lwangaphandle ziya kuba ngaphezu kokuba umda ethile, uluntu zendalo ziya kufumana intshabalalo. Le ndawo enye apho kuya kubakho utshintsho, uza njengomthombo ukungalingani eziphilayo. Yaye ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela yendalo, ngoko ke angenza lukhulu ibiza ngaphezu imisebenzi namhlanje yokulondoloza ngakumbi.

Imiba ebangela ukukwazi self-eziphila

Self-Ukubuyiselwa kuluntu zemvelo kwenzeka ngenxa iyantlukwano zendalo eziphilayo, apho ngenxa yokuba ixesha elide co-zazivelela bebeziqhelanisa omnye komnye. Kwimeko ukunciphisa inani naluphi na uhlobo wabakhulula libambe niche eziphilayo kangangexesha elithile nembono efanayo ngaye, nokuthintela uphuhliso abo okanye ezinye iinkqubo kokuphazamisa. Noko ke, kwenzeka imeko eyahlukileyo ukuba munye iwisiwe ngokupheleleyo aphume chain. Kulo mzekelo, i "umnatha wokhuseleko macala" leentlanzi ukusebenza, ezinye izibonelelo ezisetyenzisiweyo azisekho - kukho kungalingani eziphilayo. Ngexesha ngokuncipha olandelayo nokwakheka ezithile iimeko ukuqokelelela ngokugqithisileyo iikhompawundi organic ekuhloleni izityalo ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha ezibukhali ukwanda ngamandla kunye nezinye izinambuzane ngokwakha ezikhoyo. Njengoko umthetho, ekuqaleni yokuqala ukuba shwaka iintlobo ezinqabileyo. ukusweleka yabo ngenxa neemeko zokusingqongileyo, novakalelo ukutshintsha. Xa uluntu ezizinzileyo zendalo iindidi ezinjalo kufuneka ibe khona phakathi kwezinye amaqela eziphilayo. phambi kwazo zonke ezikwi yi ebonisa ukugcinwa biodiversity yendalo xa lilonke, lulutho eziphilayo kwinkqubo yonke.

Ukujikeleziswa kwezinto

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iintlobo ukuba occupy kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo trophic:

1. Ukuvelisa organic evela kwizinto ezingaphiliyo - abalimi. Okokuqala, ukuba uhlaza.
2. Kokudla consuments phytomass order 1. Ezi ziquka izilwanyana ezitya ezingenamqolo kwaye ezinomqolo izidalwa eziphilayo.
3. Kokudla consuments ukuze 1st, consuments 2nd nemiyalelo eziphezulu. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, intlanzi yokuphanga, izigcawu, izinambuzane, izirhubuluzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izilwanyana izinambuzane-ukutya, iintaka ezidla.
4. Ukubola efile izinto organic eziphilayo. Ezi ikakhulu ziquka izinto zomhlaba.

Studies zoluntu ophezulu-grade zendalo zibonisa ukuba iintlobo ezinqabileyo bekho kwinqanaba ngalinye trophic. Isalathisi eliphezulu lozinzo ecosystem phambi kwabemi abanakho zabasebenzisi ophum. Ezi ntlobo ke ingabekwa phezulu ngesakhiwo trophic, kunye nesimo sabo ixhomeke kurhulumente kwinkqubo yonke. Enye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo lwento ubukhulu intsimi, nto leyo ubuncinane ayimfuneko ubukho kunye nophuhliso lwabemi iphila.