Umbhali, ophikisana eSoviet ibanjwa lezopolitiko Marchenko Anatoliy Tihonovich: Biography, iimpawu imisebenzi kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Marchenko Anatoliy Tihonovich - enye amabanjwa amaninzi ezopolitiko kwi leSoviet, ngubani wafa ekhonza ixesha. Le ndoda iye lukhulu kukukhupha kwilizwe intshutshiso kwezopolitiko. Ngenxa wahlawula inkululeko kuqala, uze emva koko ubomi Anatoliy Tihonovich Marchenko. Biography, amabhaso kunye iinyaniso fun malunga umbhali - konke oku kuya kuxoxwa ngazo nzulu kweli nqaku.

Isigqibo sokuqala kunye sibalekele

Anatoly wazalwa eSiberia ngo-1938. Uyise wayesebenza kaloliwe. Umbhali elizayo izidanga kwibakala 8, emva koko wasebenza kushishino ioli, izimbiwa kunye nokuhlola amaphulo. Ebutsheni bowe-1958, emva kokuba nengxabano mass eyenzeka kwihostele lwabasebenzi, wabanjwa. Marchenko Anatoly ngokwakhe akazange inxaxheba ekulweni, kodwa wagwetywa iminyaka emibini entolongweni. Emva konyaka, Anatoliy Tihonovich ubalekile entolongweni. Kungekudala emva kokuba abaleke ukuya kweli thanga kwafika iindaba lokukhululwa kwakhe, kwakunye nokususwa kwe lezomthetho. Esi sigqibo senziwe Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR. Kweli thuba ukususela 1959 ukuya 1960, Anatoly Marchenko ebhadula ngaphandle kwamaphepha kweli lizwe, baneliswe imisebenzi yasendlini.

Ukuzama ukuba ushiye waseUSSR, ukubanjwa entsha

Marchenko wazama ukubaleka ukusuka eSoviet Union ekwindla ka-1960, Noko ke, yena ilaliswe emdeni. Inkundla yamgweba iminyaka 6 entolongweni ngenxa lokungcatsha. Kwathi Matshi 3, 1961. Marchenko ndandikhonza isivakalisi kwiinkampu abezopolitiko Mordovia kunye entolongweni Vladimir. Ekugqibeleni, waye wagula, sisithulu yakhe.

Ukwazana noDaniyeli Yu kunye nezinye

Anatoliy Tihonovich wakhululwa ngoNovemba 1966. Wakhululwa sele wobulali kumzabalazo amalungelo abo, kukho iqela azinikele olawulo yangoku abaci, simkhonze. Anatoly Marchenko wahlala kummandla Vladimir (Alexandrov), wayesebenza umlayishi. Ngoxa eminqubeni, wadibana Yuliem Danielem. Lo mbhali wamazisa nabameli abaziingqondi ophikisana eMoscow.

abahlobo abatsha, ekwakukho phakathi vuyerisa Bogoraz, umfazi wakhe elizayo, Anatoly Tikhonovich wanceda kufeza oko kuxhomekeke kwi - ukwenza incwadi emajele kwezopolitiko kunye iinkampu ze-1960. "Ubungqina My" azaliswe ekwindla ka-1967. Baye zithandwa kakhulu samizdat, yaye emva kwethutyana yashicilelwa amazwe. Lo msebenzi sele iguqulelwe eziliqela iilwimi zaseYurophu.

"Ubungqina yam," yaye ixabiso labo

Ezigcweleyo memoirs ubungqina inkampu kwezopolitiko babebona aphulwe, anikwa kwi-USSR kunye aseNtshona. Eneneni, abaninzi ngelo xesha babekholelwa ukuba Ndilicukuceze, ubundlobongela vula yaye ingcinezelo kwezopolitiko nxamnye kombono kwixesha elidlulileyo emva kokufa kukaStalin. Marchenko wayekulungele kubamba kule ncwadi. Noko ke, iKGB akabanga nabuganga sivelise, umbhali izicwangciso zingafuni amazwe. Nokuba walungiselela ummiselo osemthethweni siswele Marchenko yiSoviet nobumi. Kodwa ke esi sicwangciso ngesizathu esithile ayizange ndaqonda.

imisebenzi Journalistic, imihla ezintsha

Anatoliy Tihonovich ngo-1968, okokuqala wazama isandla sakhe njenge yekhasi. Isifundo engundoqo ezininzi zeetekisi bakhe uhlobo 'oonobumba avulekileyo "baba unyango ngokungenabuntu amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Kulo nyaka, nge-22 Julayi, wabhala ileta eya eziliqela ndaba amazwe kunye Soviet. Yathi ekusongeleni kwezithandani le Prague Spring ngokusebenzisa zomkhosi. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva Marchenko wabanjwa eMoscow. Isimangalo ngokunxamnye naye, uphula wolawulo yokundwendwela. Isibakala sokuba ex-amabanjwa awavumelekanga ukuba baphile kwikomkhulu ngaloo minyaka. Agasti 21, 1968 Marchenko wagwetywa unyaka entolongweni. Wakhonza isivakalisi mmandla Perm (Nyrobsky kwinkampu yokugweba).

Phambi kokubhiyozela iphumile ityala elitsha lwaqaliswa nxamnye Anatoly Tikhonovich. Yena wabekwa isithunzi inkqubo eSoviet "ezisungulwe banganyelisi" amabanjwa. Ngo-Agasti 1969 Marchenko wagwetywa iminyaka emibini kule nkampu.

Emva inkululeko, ngowe-1971, Anatoliy Tihonovich kuhlala ukulungela Region (Tarusa), kunye L. Bogoras, apho ngelo xesha yaba ngumfazi wakhe. Marchenko waba phantsi kweliso.

Ugwayimbo lokuqala indlala Marchenko

Ngo-1973, urhulumente kwakhona wayefuna ukuthumela Anatoly amazwe. Wanyanzelwa ukuba abhale ingxelo kwi yokushiywa, ixesha ezisongela xa ukusilela. Le ngozi wabulawa ngoFebruwari 1975. Marchenko Anatoly wagwetywa iminyaka emine ekuthinjweni ngenxa iphula imithetho kweliso. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba esi sigqibo, Anatoliy Tihonovich indlala ugwayimbo kunye babhiyoza iinyanga ezimbini. Emva koko eBha- kummandla Irkutsk (kwilali Chuna).

Izihloko ubuntatheli, MHG

Marchenko, kwanaxa elubhacweni, baqhubeka nemisebenzi journalistic noncwadi. Wachaza imbali kwimeko entsha kuvulwa kuye, ngokunjalo ababeze inkqubo elimasikizi kwincwadi yakhe enomxholo othi "Ukususela Tarusa to Chuny", eyapapashwa eNew York ngo-1976.

Enye esasivela wadala Marchenko ubuntatheli iingozi ukuba "Munich" umgaqo-njengombingelelo ye eSoviet Union ukuya lwesininzi Western. Oku acaciswe kweli nqaku, Anatoly Tikhonovich "Tertium datur - wesithathu wanikwa", wadala ngo-1976 kunye L. Bogoras. Ababhali ugxeka indlela apho kwisiqingatha sokuqala 70s ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane ngezizwe. Abaphikisi kangako ingcamango detente hlobo, kodwa nxamnye West of ukuqonda yiSoviet le mbono.

NgoMeyi 1976, Marchenko yaqukwa kwi-Moscow Helsinki Group (Moscow Helsinki Group), kodwa akazange inxaxheba kumsebenzi wayo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba waye ekuthinjweni, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba babengavumelani, ngokusekelwe Mthetho yokugqibela yamkelwe kwintlanganiso eHelsinki.

Ukuqala incwadi entsha

Anatoly Marchenko wakhululwa ngowe-1978 (xa ampheleka kunye nokuvalelwa phantsi komthetho yiSoviet zibandakanyiwe kwigama elithi njengenye imini ezintathu). Marchenko wahlala kummandla Vladimir (Karabanovo), wasebenza nje kwibhoyila stoker. Ingqokelela kwimbali ye "Inkumbulo" samizdat (ushicilelo lwesithathu 1978) kwakukho ukukhetha kwezinto azinikele isikhumbuzo sokuphela kweminyaka elishumi nokukhululwa "ubungqina bam." Ukongeza, isahluko se-2 le ncwadi entsha Marchenko ezifakwa kuyo, "Live luphela." Lo msebenzi ichaza imbali indalo "ubungqina bam."

"Ukuphila ngathi wonke umntu" kunye manqaku yezopolitiko-journalistic

Ekuqaleni kuka-1981 Marchenko Anatoly waqhubeka ukusebenza ethi, "Live luphela." Kwafuneka ukulungiselela ukupapashwa kuyo, yelo xesha ukususela 1966 ukuya 1969. Ngelo xesha Anatoliy Tihonovich uye wadala inani lamanqaku zojoliso zezopolitiko journalistic. Omnye kubo enikelwe isisongelo yokungenelela yiSoviet emkhosini kwimicimbi Poland emva revolution ka 'ubunye ".

ukubanjwa Last Marchenko

Ngokuba lixesha yesithandathu Marchenko Anatoly wabanjwa ngoMatshi 17, 1981. Le ukubanjwa yaba wokugqibela kuye. Eli xesha, abasemagunyeni akazange afune ukuba bazakhele i isityholo "non-ezopolitiko". Anatoliy Tihonovich watyholwa nasekuphazamisekeni ze emelene eSoviet Union. Ngoko nangoko emva kokubanjwa, Marchenko wathi yena ukholelwa iKGB kunye CPSU nemibutho zolwaphulo-mthetho ayiyi inxaxheba kuphando. Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1981 kwiNkundla yeNgingqi Vladimir wagwetywa ukuba kwiminyaka eli-10 kule nkampu, kwakunye nexesha reference elandelayo eliyiminyaka emi-5.

Andrei yiSakharov, kwinqaku lakhe osihloko sithi "Gcina Anatoly Marchenko," ngokuba isigwebo "ugonyamelo no-" le ncwadi malunga Gulag (Marchenko wamxelela ngaye phakathi kuqala) kunye 'revenge undisguised "ngokunyaniseka bakhe, nokuqina geqe nomlinganiswa kunye nengqondo.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Umbhali Marchenko Anatoliy Tihonovich utsala isigwebo kule nkampu ezopolitiko Perm. Le nolawulo rhoqo phantsi kwakhe zeSexual. Marchenko umnakekeli imbalelwano kunye notyelelo, kuba ityala encinane wayibeka esiseleni isohlwayo. Kunzima kakhulu ukuba eze kwiminyaka kamva lo mbhali Anatoly Marchenko. umbhali wencwadi, Kakade ke, ukuba sele wavalwa. NgoDisemba 1984, amagosa zokhuseleko kabuhlungu ukubetha Anatoly Tikhonovich. Ngo-Oktobha 1985, ukwenzela "ukunyhashwa yenkqubo" Marchenko watshintshelwa engqongqo ngakumbi entolongweni iimeko Chistopol. Apha elinde bodwa phantse ngokupheleleyo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, yindlala yahlala ithuba kuphela yokunganyangeki. Owokugqibela kubo, i (ixesha iintsuku 117) elide, Marchenko waqala August 4, 1986. Anatoly Tikhonovich mfuneko babuza kuphela ukuxhatshazwa amabanjwa ezopolitiko eSoviet Union, kokukhululwa kwabo. Marchenko wayeka kogwayimbo indlala November 28, 1986. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, ngequbuliso wagula. Lowo wathunyelwa ngoDisemba 8 esibhedlele Anatoly Marchenko zasekuhlaleni. ngobomi bakhe iphela ngemini enye, ngokuhlwa. Kwaba ngoko ukuba umbhali wafa. Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa Cardio-pulmonary insufficiency.

Winning AT Marchenko

Marchenko iphumelele, kodwa akazange akwazi ukufumana phandle malunga naloo nto. inkampu kwezopolitiko kungekudala emva kokuba sele ziphelisiwe ukufa kwakhe. Yaba kuphela kwento kunqandwa, kodwa kungxamisekile, njengoko uDaniyeli wathi. NgoDisemba 11, 1986 Anatoliy Tihonovich wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni Chistopol. Emva kweentsuku ezi-5 (emva A. yiSakharov, academician asekuthinjweni, uMikhail Gorbachev ebizwa) yaqalisa kwixesha elitsha kwimbali yelizwe lethu. Ngelishwa, ubomi abasayi kulindela amabhaso Anatoly Marchenko. Ngowe-1988, ukuba kokufa imbasa Prize. YiSakharov.

imisebenzi yakhe yaqala ukuba kupapashwe kwilizwe lakhe ukususela 1989. Anatoly Marchenko, abafunda le ncwadi, kwaye namhla ubomi bam lonke ekulweni sikweni. It is a imbeko kulo mntu mkhulu.