Isakhiwo, ukwakheka, imigaqo yombutho kunye neempawu ze-ikhosistim

Ecosystem - i inkqubo zebhayoloji, nto leyo iquka ezininzi eziphilayo, neendawo ezihlala kuzo, kwaye zamakhonkco ukuphumeza utshintshiselwano lwamandla phakathi kwabo. Okwangoku, eli gama le ngcamango ngemvelo.

isakhiwo

Iipropati eziphilayo wafunda kutshanje. Izazinzulu ziye bodwa macandelo zakhe ezimbini eziphambili - zasemanzini kunye abiotic. I yokuqala yahlulwe heterotrophic (eziphilayo equka ukuba bafumane amandla igcwala kwezinto eziphilayo - consuments kunye zizibolisi) kunye autotrophic (eziphilayo wafumana amandla olungundoqo yefotosinthesis chemosynthesis, okt abavelisi ..).

Lo mthombo eyodwa ibalulekileyo amandla afunekayo ukuze ngobukho yonke ikhosistim abalimi ukuba ukufunxa amandla avela elangeni, ubushushu, kunye imichiza nimanyane. Ngoko ke autotrophs na abameli lokuqala kwinqanaba trophic yonke eziphilayo. Amazinga yesibini, yesithathu neyesine zezilwanya ngenxa consuments. zizibolisi ezivaliweyo ekwaziyo ukuguqulela kwi izinto eziphilayo amacandelo abiotic ezingaphiliyo.

Iimpahla ngokufutshane semvelo malunga apho uyakwazi ukufunda kweli nqaku senzelwe uphuhliso yendalo kunye nokuhlaziywa.

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo ikhosistim

Ubume kunye neempawu ze-ikhosistim - iingqiqo eziphambili ukuzigwagwisa, nto leyo ukwenza eziphilayo. It isigqibo sokwabela izikhombisi ezinjalo:

- iimeko zemozulu, lobushushu kokugquma nokufuma kunye ukhanyiso mode;

- yokuhlanganisa organic amacandelo abiotic kunye zasemanzini kwi ukusasazwa kwezinto;

- umchiza ezingaphiliyo zifakiwe kumjikelo ngamandla;

- Abalimi - zizinto eziphilayo ezivelisa imveliso yokuqala;

- fagotrofy - heterotrophs ukuba zidle kwezinye izinto okanye amasuntswana kweziphilayo izinto ezinkulu;

- saprotrophs - heterotrophs ukuba unako ukutshabalalisa izinto ezifileyo eziphilayo, mineralize uze ubuyele ejikelezayo.

Wokuhlangana leekhomponenti ezintathu zokugqibela uvelisa biomass sezinto eziphilayo.

iimpawu kunye nemigaqo lombutho iimfundo eziphilayo yendalo, esebenza ngokusebenzisa iibhloko eziphilayo:

1. Saprophagous - feed kwinto efile organic.
2. Biofagi - sidle ezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Uzinzo eziphilayo eziphila

Iipropati eziphilayo zidityaniswa kunye iintlobo ngeentlobo ezihlala kuyo. Eziphilayo olubanzi kunye nezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi ikhonkco lokutya, kokukhona uzinzo eziphilayo.

Biodiversity kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba oko kwenza ukuba ibe inani elikhulu loluntu, ezahluke ngokumila, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi, kwaye inika ithuba yokwenene nokudaleka. Ngoko ke, ayanda eziphilayo, uluntu ngakumbi kuhlala, kwaye isixa reactions ezinkulu biogeochemical ingaqhuba iye phandle, lo gama kuqinisekiswa ukuba ubukho Biosphere ezintsonkothileyo.

Yinyani okanye izigwebo malunga neempawu eziphilayo? Ngokuba lo mbono luphawulwa ingqibelelo, uzinzo, kunye ukuzeyisa samovosproizvodimost. imifuniselo yezenzululwazi eliqela imigqaliselo kunika affirmative impendulo yalo mbuzo.

nemveliso yezidalwa

Ngexesha isifundo imveliso ziye abeke phambili izinto ezifana biomass isityalo emi. Kwikota yesibini imisela ubunzima zonke eziphilayo kuloo ndawo unit amanzi okanye umhlaba. Kodwa zokubasa - naye imizimba ubunzima data, kodwa ngokwemiqathango yamandla okanye umcimbi organic owomileyo.

Zokubasa iquka umzimba wonke (kubandakanywa inyama necrotic kwizilwanyana nezityalo.) Biomass uba nekromassoy kuphela xa esifa umzimba uphela.

uluntu Primary Imveliso - into ukuyilwa abavelisi amandla biomass, ngaphandle kokukhetha, leyo makuchithwe nokuphefumla per unit indawo nganye kwexesha unit.

Bekela bucala gross kunye umnatha kwemveliso yokuqala. Umahluko phakathi kwabo iindleko ukuphefumla.

Imveliso net ekuhlaleni - lo izinga nokwanda okanye ukugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo, engaquki kudla heterotrophs, yaye ngenxa yoko, kunye eziphilayo. Eyamkelweyo ambalele omnye unyaka okanye ixesha lokukhula.

imveliso Secondary ekuhlaleni - lo izinga imali amandla ngabathengi. Bendalo zabasebenzisi, imiqulu emikhulu lwamandla irisayikilishwe.

Self-ummiselo

Iipropati eziphilayo ziquka ukuzeyisa kunye nokusebenza leyo kulawulwa iintlobo zabantu kunye nobudlelwane ukutya phakathi kwabo. Xa ukuncipha ubungakanani abasebenzisi abaphambili, amarhamncwa kutshintshelwa kwamanye iintlobo leyo ubukhe ngaphambili wanayo ngenxa yokubaluleka yabo yasesekondari.

amatyathanga Long kungenzeka, ukudala amathuba ezahlukeneyo kobudlelwane ukutya, kuxhomekeka inani lamaxhoba okanye isivuno kwezityalo. Kweyona ndawo intle amaxesha inani leentlanzi kuncitshiswa - ngaloo ndlela ubudlelwane nganye ezinga malungu abantu in biogenotsenoze.

yokungenelela kwabantu ezingenangqondo kwi ecosystem kunokuba neziphumo ezibi. Ithunyelwe ku Australia izibini elinambini lwemivundla iminyaka emashumi mane ziye zanda ukuya amakhulu ambalwa izigidi zabantu ngabanye. Oku kwaba ngenxa yokungoneli kwenani ezidla ukuba adle kuwo. Ngenxa yoko, izilwanyana ezinoboya abatshabalalisa bonke utyani kwi ukuhlasela.

semvelo

Biosphere --ecosystem abakuluhlu liphezulu, uhlanganise zibe eziphila ebumbene kwaye inika ithuba ubomi kwiplanethi enguMhlaba.

Iimpawu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba eziphilayo eziphilayo lifunda inzululwazi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ukwakha indlela iinkqubo ezichaphazela ubomi zonke izinto xa iyonke.

Ukubunjwa umhlaba onokuphila zihlanganisa amacandelo:

- I kwehayidrosfere - iqokobhe kwamanzi Umhlaba. Kuyinto mobile kwaye ufumana yonke indawo. Water - inamehlo eyodwa leyo yenye iziseko yobomi nayiphi ephilayo.

- Atmosphere - emoyeni kunenye iqokobhe Earth, kumda emajukujukwini enene. Enkosi kuye, kukho utshintshiselwano amandla kunye phandle;

- lithosfere - hard iqokobhe umhlaba eyenziwa zeengxondorha ukubona kunye ludaka.

- pedosphere - topsheet lithosfere, oquka umhlaba kunye nenkqubo Ukwakheka lomhlaba. Bufana imida zonke Ipeyinti zangaphambili, kwaye azivalele onke amandla kunye umcimbi yemijikelo umhlaba onokuphila.

Le semvelo ayikho sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, ekubeni ilungiselelwa phantse ngokupheleleyo amandla elanga.

eziphila lokwenziwa

eziphila Lamalungu - kuba yinkqubo wadala ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu. Oku kuquka agrocnosises kunye nenkqubo yendalo noqoqosho.

Ukubunjwa kunye neempawu ezisisiseko eziphilayo zadalwa ngumntu, hayi eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka ngoku. Kwakhona unalo abavelisi, abathengi kunye eziphilayo. Kodwa kukho umahluko nokunikezelwa kwezinto kunye namandla nokuphuma kwemali.

eziphila Artificial sahlukile parameters zendalo zilandelayo:

1. Iqela elincinane kakhulu iintlobo kunye ubukho ngokucacileyo omnye okanye ngaphezulu wabo.
2. ukumelana kangako, kunye nokuxhomekeka eziphakamileyo kuzo zonke iindidi zamandla (kuquka ukusuka mntu).
3. Mfutshane ikhonkco lokutya ngenxa ezahlukeneyo ezincinane eziphilayo.
4. Vula-okujikeleza izixhobo ngenxa yokurhoxa iimveliso loLuntu okanye isivuno mntu. Kwangaxeshanye, yendalo, phezu koko, iquka kumjikelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka oko.

Iimpawu ze-ikhosistim sidalwe kwezolwakhiwo, iimpawu zendalo ophantsi. Ukuba ngaba ukugcina kwemali amandla, ngoko emva kwexesha elithile ukuba ukubuyisela iinkqubo zendalo.

ehlathini eziphilayo

Yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu lihlathi eziphilayo zahluke kwezinye eziphilayo. Kule meko, liwa imvula kakhulu ngaphezu basebaleni, kodwa inkoliso yabo asifikeleli kumphezulu womhlaba kwaye ngokomphushu ngqo ukusuka egqabini.

Evuthuluka ihlathi ecosystem kwezi zisengozini amakhulu ezininzi zezityalo kunye amawaka iintlobo zezilwanyana.

Izityalo ezikhula emahlathini, endikhuphisana yokwenene kwaye umlo kwelanga. Inowuthi enamanqanaba, iintlobo ezininzi umthunzi-ukumelana baye bahlala khona.

abasebenzisi zaseprayimari imivundla, iimpuku kunye iintaka kunye ezidla ezinkulu. Zonke izondlo eziqulathwe amagqabi izityalo ehlotyeni, ekwindla baye amasebe kunye neengcambu.

Kukho kwakhona abasebenzisi zaseprayimari la imibungu kunye amabhungane. kwinqanaba ngalinye bubonakaliswe ukutya iintlobo ezininzi. kubaluleke kakhulu indima izinambuzane ezitya utyani. Zizinto ezisasaza nokukhonza njengomthombo ukutya kwinqanaba elilandelayo le food chain.

Le eziphila angenawo ndawo

Iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu ubomi eziphilayo sidalwe wonxweme kwechibi. Kulapha ukuba amanzi ufudumala zibhetele iqulethe oksijini kakhulu. Kwaye apha eziqulathe inani elikhulu lezityalo, izinambuzane nezilwanyana ezincinane.

inkqubo ubudlelwane ukutya emanzini aphilileyo sinzima kakhulu. izityalo Higher sebenzisa iintlanzi herbivorous, saselwandle esineqokobhe kwindawo kwezinambuzane. Le yokugqibela, nayo, i umthombo ukutya kwezilwanyana, intlanzi kunye eziphila. feed zonke ezidla kwiintlobo amancinane. Kukho ukutya kunye ezincancisayo nabo.

Kodwa iintsalela umcimbi ephilayo esiwa ezantsi echibini. Bahlakulela iintsholongwane, nto leyo ephelisa saselwandle esineqokobhe elula lokuhluza.