Lommeli - yintoni na le nto? intsingiselo

Lommeli - eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe wempikiswano ezijolise umngeni kwithesisi, ubungqina groundlessness yayo. Ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo enjalo, kubalulekile ukufumana izizathu lokwenene.

inkqubo Iimpawu

Yintoni refutation? Intsingiselo uzama ukucacisa ukuba uNikolay Kopernik. Ababelakhe inkqubo epheleleyo ubungqina, athe wakwazi ayingqinelani inkqubo geocentric, omashini abenziwe nguPtolemy. Eziphilayo, imfundiso Darwin yendaleko iye yaphuhliswa ngalo Linnean nako ukubuphikisa Kuluvo ngayo rhoqo eentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana.

zezinto Ukuphika

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kolu luvo. Umzekelo, kukho iintlobo enjalo Ukuphika, nto leyo ibe amaxabiso maxa wambi ezahlukeneyo. Le amadlala iingxoxo zale kwithesisi, ukucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo refutation. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba ezibanzi. Kuba iNkundla njengomzekelo, sicinga kuphela ubungqina zimsulwa umrhanelwa (umtyholwa) umntu.

Kubekho msulwa wabhekisela ekufumaneni ngokuqiniseka ngokwasemthethweni. Hayi kodwa wafumana ubungqina obucacileyo letyala, umntu akakwazi ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukwakhiwa Ukuphika

Zeziphi imithetho refutation? Oku kuquka ithisisi, ingxoxo, umboniso. Injongo isoloko sisichasi injongo ubungqina. Ukuba oko inyaniso kwithesisi, kulo mzekelo, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokuthi falsity yayo. Lommeli - ukukhangela isandi, ayinyaniso izahlulelo kunceda ukuchonga ikhonkco ubhalo phakathi iingxoxo kunye theses, ukuba bumiswe ukusilela ubungqina falsity le ithisisi ekhethiweyo. Ukubonisa imfuneko ukuseka uxhulumaniso ubhalo phakathi iingxoxo kunye ithisisi, chaza bokuba. Ukuba uyakwazi ukubona falsity ubuncinane omnye yoko ubhalo, loo Kungaphikiswa malunga unreliability kolwazi yonke counter.

ubuchule refutation

Njengoko komnye nje nina, apho zingasetwa ezithile thesis falsity lenza semthethweni isiqinisekiso kuphika yayo. Ekumiseleni ukuba ukunyaniseka kwale ithisisi akukho umbuzo ngenyaniso yawo.

Naliphi na icala - ngpahmbi kokuba ukufuna inyaniso. Umzekelo, lwanele ukufumana phakathi amabhere ezininzi brown umntu lube mhlophe ukuba ukuphikisa ngoluvo lokuba bonke abantu kuphela brown. Ukuphika nesityholo ukuba zonke iiplanethi kuba Hewana, singakwazi zinikeze umzekelo planethi Venus, hayi kuzo.

Ababini, ungasebenzisa ezi ndlela ukuze aphikise nayiphi na impikiswano, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni anikwe yayame. Ukuba thesis kuzisa iziphumo lobuxoki mhlawumbi ukufumana ubungqina uchasaniso inyaniso, sinako ukufumana ubungqina falsity le ithisisi. Kulo mzekelo, akukhathaliseki nokuba iza kusetyenziswa njenge mpikiswano, oko kuya ithisisi kakhulu. Mhlawumbi yokuqinisekisa kuphela yokwenene imvume, ngenxa yeengcinga bobuxoki ayisekho ubungqina.

Xa kutyunjwa ithisisi kunye zabekwa ukuthumela Ukuphika intsebenziswano nxamnye sesa ekugwetyelweni. Naliphi na icala - umsebenzi kakhulu, nto leyo ijolise ukufumana iingxoxo ethembekileyo. Luyindlela Kwempikiswano utyhila ithisisi efanayo, ngenxa okungangokungangqinelani, ukuphikisana lwabonisa izibakala.

esokuqala Ithunyelwe kungenzeka kanye ubudlelwane phakathi thesis ingxoxo kunye. Kwiimeko ezinjalo kuyimfuneko ukubonisa ukuba ithisisi ayiguqulelwanga ukusuka iimpikiswano ukuba thaca nokuqinisekisa yakhe. Ukuba akukho xhulumaniso ubhalo phakathi thesis ingxoxo kwaye bathethe malunga ubungqina ithisisi ngoncedo wempikiswano ezisetyenzisiweyo.

umzekelo

Cinga nje ngomzekelo ethile enxulumene ukuphikisa umbiko. Citizen ivanov Boris orhanelwa yokuziphatha nokuqhekeza. Ukuthatha eli binzana kuba ithisisi, sizama ukukhangela ukunyaniseka kwayo, ngokuthi ineziphumo ezilandelayo kuwo. Ngenxa yoko kuqala, sicinga le iminwe ababesele phezu izinto basonta ivanov B.

Neziphumo yesibini iya kuba isihlangu elandelayo afumaneka kwi phantsi kule ndawo. Bavalelwe yezihlangu into B. Abahlali ivanov (amangqina) Uchaze yimbonakalo nendoda engaziwa, ngubani na imbonakalo ehambelana ngokupheleleyo ummi ivanova B.

Zaselebhu izifundo ayiphumelelanga ukufumana isiqinisekiso neziphumo ezimbini zokuqala. Ngaphezu koko, akukho umdlalo nekhulu ekhulwini phakathi inkcazelo amangqina liqulunqe umfanekiso wendoda kunye nomfanekiso ngokwenene ummi ivanova B. Ngenxa yoko, bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba falsity Kwempikiswano, lo inaccuracy le kwithesisi, refutation ngokupheleleyo, ukuba ehlise ndazikhalazela umrhanelwa ivanov B.

isiphelo

Le refutation le ithisisi ingasetyenziswa nxamnye iingxoxo le kwithesisi, ekunokuboniswa kuyo oku. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kuyo nayiphi refutation le ithisisi. Mu kuya kwa nshita ngqo, ingxoxo ngqo bugwetyelwe ngaphandle ngokubhekiselele ezinye izityholo. indlela enjalo uvumela engenangqondo le ithisisi yi ukusetyenziswa ubungqina. refutation ayeba ngokucinga ubungqina ngqo ukuya koko. Umzekelo, Democritus uphikisa ingcamango yokuba "yonke liyinyaniso." Enjalo indlela isenokuba ukumisela falsity of antitheses, ukuchola isiseko ubungqina. Le ndlela njengangoku lusetyenziselwa zolwaphulo kunye abaphandi ababandakanyekayo ukuxela izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzima.

Kuxhomekeke kubunzima bento Izicatshulwa zihlalutywe, iindlela ezahlukileyo refutation okanye isiqinisekiso. Abaphandi baye basebenzisa zonke iindlela ezichazwe ngasentla (nganye efunekayo) kumsebenzi. Eli cebo unika iziphumo ezidibanisayo. It ikuvumela ukuba ukungqina ityala umoni, ukuze aphikise izityholo elibekwa indoda omsulwa.