Lwezakhi Mendeleev kunye nomthetho ngamaxesha athile

Ebudeni benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba a languquko eyomeleleyo eqhaqhwe kwiindawo ezininzi, kuquka chemistry. inkqubo Periodic Mendeleev, mawuqulunqwe 1869, kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni siqondwe ngokufanayo ubudlelwane phakathi indawo kwezinto elula etafileni ngamaxesha athile, ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi isalamane atomic ubunzima kunye Valence elementi nempahla.

chemistry Domendeleevsky phakathi

A kancinane ngaphambili, ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi elinesithoba, imizamo emininzi systematization of imichiza. Le usomachiza German uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner wachitha umsebenzi wokuqala kakhulu kwi systematization entsimini zemichiza. Wagqiba ukuba inani kwezinto ezifanayo kwiipropati iziinxalenye - triad.

Inaccuracy nemifanekiso ka-nzulu German

Kakuhle eli mthetho elimelwe uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner oziqu kumiselwa ukuze ubunzima atomic kwento seliza isiqingatha sum (kuthetha ixabiso) yenkitha atomic le miba mibini yokugqibela esinabo itafile. Noko ke, ukungabikho wemagniziyam kwi iqelana olunye calcium, kwiteksti kunye barium kwaba eziphosakeleyo.

Le ndlela yaba sisiphumo izithintelo ngumntu izinto ezifanayo triodities kuphela. UJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner akwazi ukubona ukufana kwemichiza parameters phosphorus kunye iarseniki, bismuth kunye kwistibhiya. Noko ke, yena kuphela ngokwakhe Ukubuyiswa oziqu. Ngenxa yoko, wayengakwazi ukuza ulwahlulohlulo oluchanekileyo imichiza.

Phantsi Elements ezikhoyo, kwi uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner oneziqu ezithathu, Kakade, oko akunakwenzeka, umthetho kuboniswe ngokucacileyo phambi ubudlelwane phakathi kwe isalamane atomic ubunzima kunye imichiza iimpawu kwezinto ezilula.

imichiza Process systematization

Zonke iinzame ezilandelayo nokumisa lathembela ukwabiwa izinto ngokwendlela ubunzima atomic. Kamva uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner hypothesis sele isetyenzisiwe ngamanye ekhemisi. Kwaqaliswa ngokwakha zintathu, tetrads kunye pentads (ukudibanisa amaqela amathathu, amane anantlanu izinto).

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwakukho imisebenzi ezininzi ngaxeshanye, ngokusekelwe apho Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev chemistry yakhokelela systematization olupheleleyo lweziqalelo imichiza. isakhiwo ezahlukileyo etafileni periodic kwakhokelela ukuqonda revolution kunye nobungqina balo matshinana lonikezelo izinto ezilula.

Mendeleev kaThixo periodic table lweziqalelo

Kwintlanganiso ye Russian Chemical Society entwasahlobo ka-1869, kukho isaziso funda Isazinzulu Russian D. I. Mendeleeva malunga zophando lwakhe yomthetho ngamaxesha lweziqalelo imichiza. Ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, umsebenzi wokuqala "Iziseko Chemistry", kuqala inkqubo Periodic of kuhlangani- kuyo ziye zapapashwa.

NgoNovemba 1870, wabonisa oogxa Ukongeza, "inkqubo bendalo izinto ze bayisebenzise kwicala kwiimpawu lweziqalelo eyay." Kulo msebenzi D. I. Mendeleev kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "umthetho ngamaxesha". Inkqubo periodic lweziqalelo isekelwe phezu komthetho ngamaxesha sichaza ubukho kunokwenzeka kwezinto ezilula ukuvula kwaye ibonisa ngokucacileyo iimpawu zazo.

Nokuqondisa ukucacise

Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1971 ngomthetho ngamaxesha kunye nenkqubo ngamaxesha ngayo izinto Mendeleyev aguqulwe kancincane eya kuthi yongezwe yi yemichiza Russian.

Inqaku lokugqibela "Umthetho ngamaxesha of imichiza" Inzululwazi iseti inkcazo umthetho ngamaxesha athile, ocacisa ukuba iimpawu ezilula, iimpawu izakhi, kwaye zakha imizimba esimbaxa ukuxhomekeka ngqo lilawulwa ubunzima lwabo atomic.

Thile kamva, ngowe-1872, isakhiwo lwezakhi iye uhlelwe ifomu classical (imo elifutshane ixesha lonikezelo).

Ngokungafaniyo ababengaphambi zayo, usomachiza Russian wenza ngokupheleleyo netafile, yaqalisa ingqiqo amaxesha ubunzima atomic na imichiza.

elements uphawu etafileni ngamaxesha kunye nemithetho ephuma ziye ukuba izazinzulu ukuchaza iimpawu lweziqalelo kodwa esinokuzifumana. Mendeleev wathembela yokuba iimpawu into ngalinye kumiselwa ngokwale iimpawu eziqalelo ezibekwe ngecala. Wayibiza ngokuba ulawulo "iinkwenkwezi". umongo wayo kukuba imichiza kwitheyibhile ukufumanisa iimpawu element ekhethiweyo kuyimfuneko ukuba bakhokelwe ngokuthe nkqo kwi itafile imichiza.

inkqubo periodic Mendeleev kukuba bakwazi ukuthekelela ...

Uluhlu izinto Mendeleev, nangona ichanile yaye ukuthembeka, zange iqatshelwe yi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye izazinzulu enkulu adumileyo yehlabathi bamhleka ngokuphandle ithuba ukuqikelela iimpawu izinto eyay. Kwaba kuphela ngo-1885, emva kokufunyanwa izinto kwangaphambili - eka-aluminiyam, kwaye ekabora ekasilitsiya (kaLayishe waseGalim, scandium kunye germanium), inkqubo entsha yokuhlela yomthetho ngamaxesha Mendeleev kwaye kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba iziseko theoretical component chemistry.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini, isakhiwo lwezakhi ngokuphindaphindiweyo alungiswe. Xa inkqubo yokufumana ulwazi lwenzululwazi olutsha D. I. Mendeleev kunye neqabane lakhe uWilliam Ramsay weza kwisigqibo malunga nemfuno yokuzisa iqela zero. Kumafa yayo ibandakanya iigesi enqabileyo (helium, neon, argon, Interface, xenon kunye radon).

Ngowe elinethoba anamanci elinanye nyaka Soddy wenza isindululo ukufaka imichiza enzima - izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo - kwisisele itafile enye.

Ekuhambeni yomsebenzi elide kwaye yenkuthalo ngamaxesha etafileni imichiza kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile yaye yagqitywa, kwaye ziyafikelelwa ujongo mihla. isakhiwo sayo kubandakanya amaqela asibhozo amaxesha amisiweyo asixhenxe. Amaqela - are nkqo amaxesha kwiikholam - tye. Amaqela echazwe candelo ibe nomnye.

Indawo kwi element itafile ibonisa electron yayo Valence kunye neempawu kuphela imichiza. Kwathi kanti, ngexesha uphuhliso lwezakhi ukuba ibhaqwe kwenzeka inani iziqalelo electron kunye serial number. Le nyaniso ngakumbi lula ukuqonda umgaqo yentsebenziswano kwezinto ezilula kunye nokusekwa ezintsonkothileyo. Inkqubo njengoko kwicala umva. Ukubala inani lo myalezo, kwakunye kuyimfuneko kuba basabela yemichiza wawukhona isondlo.

Indima ukufunyanwa Mendeleev ngayo bezenzululwazi

Mendeleev nkqubo indlela yayo ku-odolwa imichiza wazimisela uphuhliso onengqondo of chemistry. Nge ukuliqonda ukuzalana constants kunye uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali Mendeleev bahlangane ngokuchanekileyo yaye izinto ebe ngokweempawu zazo. itheyibhile entsha lweziqalelo kwenza kube lula ngokucacileyo kwaye ncam ukubala iinkcukacha phambi indlela imichiza, ukuqikelela izinto ezintsha kunye neempawu zazo.

Ukuvulwa Isazinzulu Russian iye yaba nefuthe ngqo kwikhosi ngakumbi nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi nobugcisa. Akukho ndawo kwezobuchwepheshe ukuba akayi kubandakanyeka ulwazi chemistry. Mhlawumbi xa kwafunyaniswa loo nto ayizange yenzeke, impucuko yethu kwakuya kufuna indlela eyahlukileyo yophuhliso.