Izakhiwo zwe e Germany: History kunye neempawu

A ibonisa imbali German kwi bokwakha okuluphawu beli lizwe. Ngokoqobo zonke nqanaba sophuhliso yayo zembali, kukhatshwa ukuvela iindlela ezintsha bokwakha kunye neengcamango. Kungenxa yoko le nto abakhenkethi mihla ngomdla behambela ezinomtsalane bendawo ukuba ukulungele ukuvula umntu onolwazi izinto ezininzi ezinomdla malunga ilizwe kunye nabantu balo. Indlela zwe zakhiwo e eJamani eziphawuleka kakhulu kwaye yokuqala. Waqalisa ukuba kamva kunokuba eFransi, kodwa kunjalo nesele izithethe namasiko eli lizwe ukuba iminyaka emininzi kubhekwe nenzala yayo. Namhlanje siza kukuxelela iinkcukacha umdla malunga sesakhiwo eJamani, ogxininisa isimbo German Gothic, abanegama jikelele iitempile ezimangalisayo.

A amagama ambalwa malunga lemveli lenkcubeko

Germany izakhiwo endiyibumbileyo, yaphuhliswa phantsi kwempembelelo ezindawo kunye nembali. Isibakala sokuba uninzi ilizwe ixesha elide yayilawulwa abathetheli, usilwa phakathi kwabo.

Oku kube negalelo kuphuhliso iindidi imiyalelo bokwakha eJamani. isixeko ngasinye yakhiwa ngendlela yawo, nto leyo nzima ukwenza kwezinye iindawo. Konke oku kuvumela ukuba ukuthetha malunga izakhiwo wesizwe waseJamani, indlela apho yasekelwa ngeminyaka emininzi zobuciko baqeqeshwa eFransi Italy.

Okubuhlungu kukuba, ngexesha Second World War ilizwe baphulukana ezikhumbuzo yayo yimbali. Kwakufuneka kubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoko ezinye zezinto ozibonayo ababuyelanga salo. izakhiwo Modern e Germany kufutshane isimbo Art Nouveau, nguye owathunyelwa njengesiseko ukwakhiwa kwemizi kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. De kube ngoku, uninzi kwisakhiwo esitsha kubhekiselele kule isimbo.

Zwe: inkcazo emfutshane

style zwe baqala ukuthatha imilo njengohlobo ezahlukileyo ezithile malunga ekujikeni kwenkulungwane yeshumi. Ngeli xesha, ngasekupheleni abantu kuMbindi Ages sele efunde amava enkulu kunye nolwazi ujongo esitsha nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. Uninzi bezakhiwo awunangxaki ngokusebenzisa amava zezibalo yamandulo, kunye nolwazi lwabo geometry wenza kube lula ukuba ukulinganisa isithuba ezahlukeneyo. Oku zenza ukuba kancane ukuba indlela Romanesque ezazikho kulo lonke elaseYurophu, waqala ukunika indlela eya into entsha, ngokusekelwe iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

Loo nto inika umdla elithi "Gothic" wabonakala kakhulu kamva. Waziveza unyulo ngendelelo le kwihi omkhulu phakathi inkcubeko kunye nelifa lemveli ka eRoma yamandulo kunye umkhwa omtsha ngoku, eyenziwe Europe bakhona. Abaninzi kubo waba isiteketiso "ngamaGoth", ngoko ukuze balungele isimbo esitsha ndakutywina efanayo igama yokukhwitsa.

izakhiwo zwe: inkcazelo jikelele

Gothic ibandakanya ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ukuba kwabonakala ukuba bawuthwale iingcamango olungagungqiyo kunye inokubhabha ezulwini, ndingqina ngalo ngokobukhulu womntu. Kuba izakhiwo ezinjalo kufuneka imizobo abanobuchule kakhulu kwaye kukho ezininzi zezixhobo zokwakha. Wood indawo yi ilitye, evumela ukuphumeza zonke iingcamango, kanye kuyona ngelixa rhoqo yaseYurophu emizini umlilo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kukodwa bokwakha ngalinye waba negalelo kwezinto ezininzi. Eneneni, ngexesha kwafuneka ukwakhiwa ukuba banyukele kwindawo ephakamileyo avulwe ngokubanzi, efuna unyango kunye izixhobo zentsimbi ezahlukeneyo. Ngaxeshanye, abakhi kwafuneka ukudala nemixube emitsha ngokusekelwe lime nesanti, ekwaziyo ekwakheni ngokuqinileyo ngamatye nabanye.

Eyona mpumelelo inkulu iinkosi Gothic fyabo kuqwalaselwa kwinkqubo nokubiyela. Wavuma ukuba ukubala kwinqanaba omkhulu izakhiwo inkxaso ukwenzela ukunciphisa inani lwemihlathi, kuphakanyiswe iifestile vumela isakhiwo kangangoko ukukhanya kunokwenzeka. Loo ndlela iye ibe lulutho ngokwenene kumabhunga, leyo bakwazi ukudibanisa kunye namanye amagumbi ngalinye ukwenza isithuba obutofotofo ngakumbi yaye kuyamangalisa.

Ngokwendalo, isimbo esitsha iye yazuza iimpawu zayo kwilizwe ngalinye yaseYurophu. Oku kubonakala kakhulu ngokucacileyo ngokwayo bokwakha Gothic eJamani. Zonke iimpawu eziphambili isimbo yajika into entsha eliye laba ngokwenene eli lizwe. Okumangalisayo kukuba, nkqu amaJamani ngokwabo iminyaka emininzi ayekholelwa ukuba Gothic wazalwa kwilizwe labo baze kamva kuphela kulo Europe. Xa sijonga le yecawa yeyokukhulisa, eyakhiwa iingcibi isiJamani, kusenokubonakala ngathi ukuba babesilela inyaniso - i-Gothic yaba ngumfanekiso yokwenene yenkcubeko nezithethe zaseJamani.

Gothic e Germany: Architecture

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umkhwa omtsha sele wathimba iingqondo amagcisa German elicothayo kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo eNgilani France. Kula mazwe, i-Gothic kwasekwa njengoko kwinkulungwane yeshumi, kwaye eJamani isakhiwo lokuqala izinto esithathwe isimbo elinikiweyo, wabonakala kuphela ekupheleni kwalo weshumi elinesithathu.

nempembelelo enkulu phezu sesakhiwo iJamani France, ukusuka apha kwafika inkosi, waphefumlela kwaye bencoma izimvo zwe. Enkosi kubo, kukho izakhiwo zokuqala kunye iziqalelo ze isimbo esitsha. Kwakhona kunzima ukuba bathi ukugqibezela izakhiwo zakhiwo Gothic eJamani, kodwa yokuba baye uhlobo kwinqanaba yexeshana ukusuka indlela Romanesque. Ngeli xesha kwakukho yobuciko ezifana Church St. Michael kaThixo, Chapel of Cathedral St. Bartholomew kunye St. Kilian.

Kwixa elizayo, ezi zakhiwo omkhulukazi baqala ukubiza indlela Romanesque isiGothic, walahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo ukufaneleka kwayo ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu.

Development kunye nokusekwa nakubugcisa German yesiGothic

Ngu ekuqaleni nakubugcisa German kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine kule isimbo Gothic, ifumene ubuntu kwaso, amandla kunye ubunzima iimpawu lathathwa eFransi. Ekugqibeleni, zonke ezibe zisuswe kwamanye amazwe neenkcubeko, similise eziliqela iimpawu siza kuxubusha kwelinye icandelo senqaku.

Ababephila babekholelwa ukuba isakhiwo kakhulu awayeza indlela Gothic waba Church wokwenyaniso Lady yethu. Waqala ukuba kwakhiwa isikhewu ngonyaka wamashumi omathathu kwenkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu. osemqoka yayo lokwahlula yaba sisicwangciso umnqamlezo rhoqo. izakhiwo efanayo ngaphambili engazihlambanga eJamani okanye kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Abakhi zicwangciswe ebandleni Izindlwana ezimbini symmetrically kuzo zonke isakhiwo tye. Le wobugcisa bayinqule bezakhiwo evela ehlabathini lonke.

Ngexesha nokugqama Gothic kwakhona ziquka yaseMagdeburg Cathedral kunye Church of St. Elizabeth.

Features bokwakha German

German Gothic wazuza iimpawu zayo ezizodwa ziye zaba yakhe evelele. Phakathi kakhulu langutana zezi zilandelayo:

• Okungqongqo lwezibalo. mbali abaninzi balatha ukuba sokuyilwa German kwexesha luphawulwa elula engakholelekiyo zemigca. Amaxesha amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa icawa ezinqatyisiweyo omkhulukazi wadala ukukhusela imizi.
• Ukunqongophala okwakhiwe kwi olungaphambili ngasentshonalanga. The French ziyilwe ngononophelo izinto zokuhombisa, ngoxa amaJamani ukuze uphephe inani ngokugqithiseleyo lweziqalelo ezongezelelweyo kwaye ukhetha imigca ahlambuluke.
• Ukuzinikela omnye okanye ezinde ezine. Kuwo onke amazwe aseYurophu ukuze kwakhiwe indlela Gothic leyo awayedla synods zonke ezinde ezimbini. iinkosi German iye yenza - ukwakhiwa kwayo isithsaba inqaba ephakamileyo okanye ezine symmetrically amalungiselelo kujikelezo isonto.
• Sokudlulisela yokungena kwi olungaphambili ecaleni. Kuba izakhiwo Gothic eziqhelekileyo ukucwangcisa ukungena kwi-phambili engundoqo, kodwa ngokuba nomnyango ecaleni eJamani ezininzi izakhiwo. Oku kwenza ukuba ubuhle be kwisakhiwo ngokupheleleyo.
• Brick zwe. Le ndlela livele egameni abahlali eJamani saka kulo kwinxalenye esemantla lizwe.

Oku kuya kukuxelela ngakumbi.

zodaka Gothic

Indlela entsha zakhiwo lilawulwe iimeko ezithile xa kukhethwa izinto zokwakha. Le nokubi ngabo mimandla ukuba babe iidipozithi ezinkulu zamatye kunye nesanti, kodwa Germany beneengxaki ezinzulu. Ingakumbi abahluphekayo kule nkalo baba kwiindawo ezisemantla, nto leyo yavela into enjalo njenge "lwezitena ngalinye".

Lubonakala yi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo omkhulu ezenziwe ngezitena. Le zinto andizange ndikwazi ukwenza izakhiwo ezinhle, nto leyo ibonakalisa isimbo Gothic, kodwa zonke ezinye iparameters ziyangqinelana ngokupheleleyo lo mkhuba oyifunayo.

izitena Model Gothic ngayo, umzekelo, i-Church of St Nicholas. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kwimimandla apho ulwakhiwo kusetyenziswa izitena, izakhiwo Gothic zincediswa kwiholo yedolophu, izindlu imibutho kunye nezindlu.

Cologne Cathedral

Ngexesha nokugqama lwezakhiwo Gothic eJamani ziquka ekwakhiweni Cologne Cathedral. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-weshumi, laphela kuphela emva kwekhulu leminyaka. Esi sakhiwo yaba ngumfanekiso engundoqo ye lizwe, Edibanisa isiJamani kunye French Gothic oyinyaniso. Umbhali yeprojekthi wamazwi yaba Gerard von Rila, owayesebenza kuyo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-emibini. Lomhleli sagqiba ukwakha Cathedral esizeni kwitempile yamandulo namaRoma, esebenzisa isiseko sakhe. Ngexesha lokufa kwakhe, artist abanetalente akwazi ukubona inxalenye yecawa, esemayo ngohlobo engagqitywanga de kwinkulungwane yama-yeshumi elinesithoba.

Ukugqitywa injineli zokwakha Ernst Friedrich Zwirner, wathabatha njengesiseko uyilo komanduleli wayo; kodwa esikhundleni izinto lixesha kuba abantu abatsha. Ngenxa yoko, abahlali isixeko wavela phambi yamatyala, leyo iinqaba obutofotofo ezimbini ngaphezu kwekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu eemitha, kunye kwisiseko asibhozo anesithandathu ububanzi.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba Cologne Cathedral akukho sezandleni ngokupheleleyo nakubugcisa Gothic, solo ingqalelo ezi mbali ubalaseleyo kokufa kwimbali eJamani.

ngekhulu zwe nane

Sinokuthi ukuba phakathi kwinkulungwane elinesine, sezakhiwo omkhulu nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ababephila, yayisele kwakhiwa. Emizini kunye zokuhlala ezincinci yaqala ukubonakala isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo yokubhala zwe.

Ngokusuka kumava kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iingcibi baqalisa ukwakha izibonelelo zoluntu kunye amakhaya ngenjongo yokuba ngabemi lezityebi. Njengoko ilifa lenkcubeko inzala ilifa kwiholo yedolophu, iholo wesixeko kunye nendlu guild.

Okwangoku, uninzi lwazo iimyuziyam, ukubhentsiswa kuzo umdla omkhulu kubakhenkethi ezivela ehlabathini lonke.

Renaissance bokwakha e Germany

Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesihlanu, eli lizwe waya zibe kwimeko kagunyaziwe ukuqhekeka. A Inani enkulu zizilawuli, esilwa imfazwe ixesha elide, nto leyo ndathintelwa kakhulu kuphuhliso isimbo esitsha bokwakha.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uphawu Kwithuba ukususela elinesihlanu ukuya ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Ngeli xesha, enkulu ezicacileyo ngokungqongqo yathatyathelw intabalala yomhombiso kunye oosinga ethile yamhlamnene. Imvuselelo sakhatshwa yi uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe amatsha ezenza kube lula ukuba ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto.

Kuba eziqaphelekayo elinikiweyo luphawulwa ulwakhiwo lock, ngenxa yokuba kwiimeko zongquzulwano axhobileyo kunzima ukuqhubeka kulwakhiwo into omkhulu.

Renaissance bokwakha banika ihlabathi zakhe ezinde e Dresden, Hall Isixeko e Leipzig, ibandla St Michael kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezininzi.

A amagama ambalwa esiphelweni

Sicinga ukuba kucacile ukususela kweli nqaku kanye ngayo ngokucacileyo sokuyilwa lamathuba ezahlukeneyo ukulanda imbali lizwe. Abakhenkethi abaninzi bathi Germany unako kufundwa kwi nesakhiwo sayo, ngalinye nto leyo lesikhumbuzo ezixabisekileyo zenkcubeko kuphela.