Ivodka ebandayo Point: Ngaba iqina yevodka? Xa iqina vodka?

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu basele utywala uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye. Ngeke siphikisane ngeengozi iziselo ezinjalo. ngokwenene Utywala ezimbi kwimpilo, kodwa ke abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ingasetyenziswa hi mpimo lowutsongo.

Ivodka - yintoni na le mveliso?

Ivodka - ukusela utywala amanzi kunye ethyl utywala kakhulu. Inqaba kulawulwa kude - it isusela ku-40 ukuya 56%. Eyona ndlela ziqhelekileyo kwaye ethandwa - 40% ye yevodka.

ivodka Russian isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge utywala ozimeleyo, abolunye uhlanga nje njengesiseko cocktails. Ukongeza, ukuba isetyenziswe ukuvelisa tinctures kunye lotions, Oluma kunye kudlula. Enyanisweni, imveliso jikelele, kwaye hayi kuphela zewayini.

kwimbali

Abantu abaninzi ngempazamo abakholelwa ukuba ivodka aqamba D. I. Mendeleev. Enyanisweni, ubonakele le mveliso kakhulu ngaphambili, emva ePersi. iqashiso Dmitri Ivanovich kwaye ngokusondeleyo inxaxheba iimpawu izisombululo, kuquka utywala. ithisisi yakhe zobugqirha kwaba osesikhundleni "Ngomhla utywala ngamanzi", apho ke yokuziphatha efanelekileyo inqaba - iinxalenye 60 utywala nyulu kunye namalungu amane.

Kuba ngqa yevodka lethu kwilizwe kwabonakala kwi nguDmitry Donskoy, kodwa ezintsha akanamdla nayiphi na abathetheli, Onganoneleli abantu abaqhelekileyo. Babecinga ukuba ubusi kunye zethu isonka newayini ingcamla ngcono. Ngowe-1429 ivodka wabuyiswa eRashiya, kodwa isiyobisi. Ukususela ngoko, uye iingcambu kumazwe zethu.

iipropati vodka

Yesisombululo Amanzi-utywala, njengayo nayiphi na, iye iimpawu zomzimba kwemichiza: kukho yevodka kwithempritsha yayo ukuqanda, kungaba asabela kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo, kodwa abantu abaninzi isiphumo banomdla kuphela kule isiselo emzimbeni womntu.

Kuye kudala kwaphawulwa ukuba iingedosi ezincinane utywala (malunga 20-25 g utywala) buyasikhulula isingxobo, inikeza yesandi ezimnandi kunye lula unxibelelwano. Nangona kunjalo, kunye iidosi ukwandisa ziqala ukukhula zisifake ngokukhawuleza, ezifana ukulahleka ulungelelwaniso, sinciphise ingqalelo, ukunqongophala yovavanyo eyaneleyo ekhoyo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo.

Kuphela luncedo ivodka umgangatho ukusuka kwindawo yezonyango imbono - kuba iimpawu zayo zintsholongwane, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa njengoko lotions, Oluma kwaye okupholisa rubdowns ahlaziyayo.

Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba yevodka kunye notywala baye bazama ukusebenzisa njengoko zomzimba (xa kungekho namanye amachiza), kodwa yayekwa le ndlela. line entle kakhulu teka phakathi ilahleko ubuntununtunu kunye zingqondweni (njengoko iyafuneka ukulungiselela umsebenzi), kwakunye nokufa.

Ngaba iqina vodka

Ngoko ke abantu abaninzi abanomdla, nokuba umgaqo amisa yevodka. Impendulo ilula - ewe, njegawo nawaphi na amanye imixube ulwelo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye chloride isisombululo sodium ifumile acacisa kwi -21 ° C, yaye calcium chloride kwi -55 ° C. ethanol Pure ngumkhenkce kuphela kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu (-115 ° C), Arctic amafutha kwi -50 ° C.

Ngoko ke umbuzo ayikho ingaba ivodka ngumkhenkce, kwaye lobushushu apho le nkqubo lwenzeka. Makhe sihlolisise le zolwimi ngokunzulu.

umthetho Raoult kaThixo

Ekupheleni nzulu French kwinkulungwane XVIII Fransua Raul wafunda yandisa iqondo lobushushu crystallization nciphisa xi umphunga kwaye (ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu elibilayo) izisombululo xa uyazikhomba ezo izinto ezingena, wazisa imithetho eziliqela ukuziphatha kwezisombululo efanelekileyo.

Umthetho wesibini Raul uthi yandisa abilayo kunye ebandayo lobushushu nokuvela Isisombululo umlinganiselo ngqo yayo yoxinaniso molal.

Umthetho lusebenza izisombululo ngamabona yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano, yaye aluchaphazeli uhlobo ukusungulwa amacandelo.

Ukufaneleka yalo mthetho yesisombululo Amanzi-utywala, kwaye uya kuba yintoni na lobushushu qhwa yevodka ngokungqinelana ngeziphumo Raul? Zonke Iindlela Francois Raoult esebenzayo izisombululo ifanelekileyo non-volatiles kunye osha utywala odlamjke kakhulu pressurises kunyuka ngaphezu kwamanzi umxube wamanzi-utywala. Ngoko oku kubalwa impazamo encinane: ukuqanda lobushushu ivodka yi-40% 27 ° C.

Ngoko nangoko ke kufuneka bathi intetho malunga amazinyo kubushushu ngokufanelekileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Xa crystallization omkhenkce amanzi amasuntswana akhiwa, nengqwalaselo utywala umxube eliseleyo landa, ngoko ke litshintsha lobushushu neGauteng ukuba umxube engamanzi. Ngoko ke yintoni ngokwenzululwazi echanekileyo andikuthethi ngalo qhwa, kodwa loqalo lwencopho inkqubo crystallization.

amaqondo obushushu Table

Kancinci empirically, ngokuxhomekeke kwamaqondo obushushu neGauteng inxalenye itafile kuye kwasekwa ngokungqinelana iifomyula ze-mali utywala yevodka.

ukuqanda iqondo lobushushu ivodka nga zinokohluka kuphela ngokuguqula xiyimiso utywala le mithi, kodwa ke ubukho kwezinye izinto kule isisombululo. Nokuba ivodka classical, nezibabandakanya kuphela amanzi nyulu kunye notywala, iqulethe ezinye isixa -oyile fusel kunye nezinye admixtures. Ngamanye amaxesha kuba ukusela ongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo isongo echaphazela iipropati ebonakalayo.

Ngaba ivodka engumkhenkce efrijini

Ngoko ke, sizimisele ukuba iqondo lobushushu kuqala crystallization-40% umxube wamanzi-utywala 27 ° C, kodwa malunga kuphela. Ngokubanzi esinokubangela ukuba uthi iqala ngqele xa uphawu ithemometha kufutshane okanye kwamanye amazwe -30 ° C.

Ubushushu efrijini, kuxhomekeke kwizicwangciso banokuba ukusuka -5 ukuya -24 ° C. Noko ke, le nto nangoku akwanelanga ngumkhenkce-40% utywala.

Abantu abaninzi senze into yokuba yevodka eseleyo kwi gumbi zeemvelo engumkhenkce, eqinileyo, kwaye ice kwasekwa kuyo. Ngoko kutheni ivodka ekhenkcezisiweyo efrijini?

Kukho iinketho ezininzi. Okokuqala, imveliso unako ingangxengeka, endaweni ka-40%, kwaye oko kuya kuba ngaphezu kwe-35%. Yaye ingqondo aphantsi ukunciphisa qhwa yevodka, isikhenkcezisi kunye namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze crystallization.

Le ukhetho yesibini - ubushushu eyiyo egumbini neGauteng usezantsi kakhulu elibekiweyo. Kulula kakhulu ukuba ubuze rhoqo ubushushu esitalatweni.

Okwesithathu ATHUNYIWEYO - njengesipholisi ukuvuza kuba ekubunjweni kwimimandla kunye namaqondo asezantsi kakhulu kwifriji. Oku, ngengozi, Khawufan imeko yingozi - osha freon kunye isiguquli efrijini ebilayo, ebangela iyunithi lutshitshe. Ukongeza, CFC iba nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo yenye izinto ezininzi eziyingozi deplete umaleko ozone.

Icicles okanye ijeli: kukhangeleka ngathi yevodka ekhenkcezisiweyo

Qhwa ivodka - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ukuba kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle umzekelo omhle. ivodka Frozen engafani, ngokuxhomekeke uyondelelwano lwee- ethanol ecocekileyo, ixesha, ubumdaka, oscillations lobushushu. Noko ke, ekuqaleni akazange nokuntlalutyisa kunye sikhula, maxa wambi similise jeli. Le jeli yemveli utywala yenziweyo ukusuka noomoya, ayithethi ukuba ulwalamano. Noko ke, yenza 'ice cream bekunjalo "ngendlela efanayo. Kubonakala ngathi ice iziqhamo, kwaye mnandi kakhulu ukuba ukutya ubushushu. Noko ke, abantu abadala kuphela, ekubeni abantwana ingadla utywala.

Emva kokuba olunye Ukupholisa ukuqina ivodka uqalisa nokuntlalutyisa - ngamanye amaxesha congeals iipleyiti, ngamanye amaxesha wabumba iziqithi ezahlukeneyo ngumkhenkce. Ukuze ukuguqula ngokupheleleyo ube isiqwenga esiqinileyo yingxaki - inxulunyaniswa ukwanda ethanol xi inye isisombululo eseleyo.

Ngaba ndisela yevodka emkhenkceni

Xa emkhenkceni ivodka, ngoko nangoko kuphakamisa umbuzo ukuba sinako kuyisela. Enyanisweni, ukuba akukho esalelweyo, kodwa kukho ezinye bokuqonda.

Okokuqala, ukuba yevodka emkhenkceni kubushushu obuphantsi, kwaye eninzi ngumkhenkce, ngoko mhlawumbi, oko liyangxengwa wenza kungekhona ubuchwepheshe. Yitya oku, musa isincomo thina, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba ndiwulahle kulengqele asele ulwelo eliseleyo apho utywala kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu. Ngaphambili ke wasebenzisa le ndlela lokuhlanjululwa yevodka - ukukhenkcisa, xa amanzi agqithisileyo emkhenkceni, kunye umxube eseleyo icocekile kwaye ngcono.

Okwesibini, ivodka emkhenkceni kufuneka basela ngononophelo olukhulu. Ngamandla iphela, viscous, cishe azisezeli kwaye waziva kwi inkalakahla, kunye receptors abandayo olunye blunts. Ngoko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sisele kakhulu, yaye emva koko ngokukhawuleza kakhulu anxile, ekhokelela eziyityhefu kakhulu ezinetyhefu.

Ngoko ke, ukuba awukho omnye umdlali utywala, ngoko ukuwasela ubuncinane echanekileyo, ukuze kungabikho imiphumo ebuhlungu.