Amazwe Oil-uku rhweba: imbali modernity

amazwe Oil-uku rhweba baba ezimbalini zoqoqosho ixesha elide. Kukholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka 80-90 kwinkulungwane ye-19 iimveliso zepetroliyam kwimarike yaseYurophu ngenqanawa ukusuka kwi US (kakuhle Pennsylvania, yavula in 1859) kunye Russia (ebaleni i Absheron Peninsula, ekuqaleni kuphuhliso 1848).

kwimbali

Kuphuhliso Baku, apho iimeko ithembisa ukuba zokufumana ingeniso, ngowe-1875 abazalwana Nobel ufika abakhulu ziye zasekwa. Kwakukho wakha amafutha, izityalo processing. ethwala zasekwa, ezibe kumazwe angaphandle ioli kwamanye amazwe (ngo-1877).

Asinako ukuba eli lizwe oyile-uku rhweba ngaphandle ngelixa akhuphisana ngamandla omnye nomnye, njengoko ioli Russian ngexesha Abathengiswa ngaphezu-50% ngaphezu izinto ezivela eMelika kunye Peru (Lima). Ngowe-1883, imarike yoBukhosi baseRashiya wavalwa ngokupheleleyo kwimveliso oyile US, kwaye Hala intsimi baqalisa ukudlala, kungekhona indima kwezoqoqosho kodwa yezopolitiko kuphela.

ndiqale umlo

Emva kokuqalisa ukuqaliswa ngobuninzi zeoli imoto uba izinto ekrwada kubaluleke kakhulu kuba esele amashumi ezininzi ziimfazwe kwindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Oku kungenxa yokuba elikhulu, amagunya namandla (i-US, Jamani, France, iJapan, China) awunayo ezabo koovimba babo enkulu. Ngoko ke, injongo yawo kunye ngamayelenqe kwezopolitiko ikwazizinto kumazwe oli-uku rhweba ngaphandle izixhobo leMveli.

Ifuthe imveliso kwi umgangatho wokuphila

Isimo elidlulileyo kudla ixhomekeke kubudlelwane babo eUnited States. Umzekelo, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar kunye United Arab Emirates uchume, nangona kwamashumi amahlanu kuphela eyadlulayo, phambi kokuba ukufunyanwa kwezibonelelo ezixabisekileyo, yaba urhulumente ngasemva kakhulu. Oyile negesi ezithunyelwa (ikakhulu Japan kunye US) avumele ukuba ukudala kwimozulu ngokoma Saudi Arabia ezipokothweni "iparadesi emhlabeni", ukuphakamisa umgangatho wokuphila wabantu. Kulo mzekelo, isakhiwo mali yengeniso yelizwe evela kwintengiso iimveliso zepetroliyam akhawunti malunga-90%. E Angola, apho kukho imithombo yeoli, kukho amazinga aphezulu kakhulu ukukhula koqoqosho, kunye noqeqesha ilungelo kuphuhliso iidipozithi ezinkulu ziqhutyelwa eLondon naseNew York.

Angathembeki kummeli lubalaseleyo yamazwe yeoli-zokuthumela ihlabathi Kapa, phezu koko, kuxhomekeke ukwayo kwezoqoqosho, ehlasela lempi (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela).

Ukongeza kula mazwe, abathumela zamafutha amazwe afana Algeria, Nigeria, Mexico, Canada, Norway, eRashiya kunye United Kingdom. Le yokugqibela akanayo oovimba ebonakalayo ezahlukeneyo izimbiwa, kodwa ukufunyanwa esitokisini ezinkulu amalahle uze oyile (kuLwandle North) wavumela England ukwenza kwiindawo zoshishino lokuqala.

Petroleum Exporting Countries abe ezahlukeneyo oovimba oyile. Kukholelwa ukuba inkulu kubo bebekelwa Venezuela (malunga-21 epesenti), ilandelwe yi Saudi Arabia (malunga ne-19 ekhulwini), Iran, Iraq kunye nabanye. Russian Federation kolu luhlu endaweni yesixhenxe nge-5%, ngelixa izinga kwe zendalo izinto ibonisa ukuba kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini (kunye nehlabathi kwi-avareji amathathu anesihlanu) ukugcinwa izimbiwa ukuze mpilo kakhulu.