Entropy - it ... Ingcamango entropy. entropy Standard

Entropy - igama abaninzi baye beva, kodwa bambalwa ukuqonda. Kwaye kufuneka sivume ukuba phambi kokuba isiphelo baqonde kakuhle le meko kunzima ngokwenene. Nangona kunjalo, oku kufuneka bebesoyikisa. Uninzi lwezinto singqongwe, thina, enyanisweni, ziyacaca yokuzenzisa kuphela. Yaye sithetha imbono okanye ulwazi umntu ethile. No. Sithetha aze athotywe ulwazi lwenzululwazi kwi nokulahlwa uluntu.

izikhewu ezinkulu zikhona nje kuphela ulwazi etyhutyha galactic, umzekelo, kwimiba imingxunya abamnyama kunye wormholes, kodwa singqongwe rhoqo. Umzekelo, kusekho impikiswano malunga engokoqobo lokukhanya kude kusendleleni. Yaye ngubani na angene phakathi ingqikelelo yexesha? Imiba efana - ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa kweli nqaku ndiza ukuchaza entropy. Iminyaka emininzi, oosonzululwazi ulwa ingcamango "entropy". Neyezinto zemvelo uye isandla ngesandla kwi sifundo sale meko twisisaka. Siya kuzama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni lalithe laduma ukusa kwixesha lethu.

Ukuqaliswa ingqiqo ngo kwizifundiswa

Ingcamango entropy kwi iingcali bume uvelise yezibalo owaziwayo waseJamani Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius. Ngamagama alula, ISAZINZULU isigqibo ukufumana ukuba yintoni ezakwenziwe malunga namandla. Ngayiphi ingqiqo? Ngokomzekelo, masithi sasingabhekisi imifuniselo ezininzi nakubungqina entsonkothileyo, izibalo uthabathe umzekelo eqhelekileyo ngakumbi kuthi evela kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Kufuneka uyazi kakuhle ukuba xa imali, nithi, ifowuni ibhetri ehambayo, umlinganiselo wamandla elaye bhetri kuya kuba ngaphantsi okunene evela kwi network. Kukho ilahleko ethile. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla sisetyenziswa kuyo. Kodwa ke into yokuba ilahleko ezinjalo kwenzeka kwezinye iinkqubo ezivaliweyo. Kuba zezibalo, yemvelo, oku kuyingxaki enkulu. Ufundo lo mba kwaye wasebenza Rudolf Clausius.

Ngenxa yoko, wazisa mhaka prelyubopytny. Ukuba, kwakhona, susa isigama inzima, lo nto iya kuthetha ukuba entropy - ngumahluko phakathi ezifanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo lokwenene.

Masithi ivenkile. Kwaye umelwe kukuba zokuqonda i-100 iindleko kilograms grapefruit 10 mnt kg nganye. Ukubeka uphawu 2 Utsala- kwi uneemina, uya kufumana evela kwintengiso ka-1200 mnt uya isixa posited ukuya kumthengisi size ushiye wena inzuzo ezimakhulu mabini mnt.

Ngoko ke, kwaba inkcazelo ogqibeleleyo inkqubo. Kwaye uyazi na marketer, ngeloo xesha, uya kuthengisa xa grapefruit liphela, baya kuba ixesha koma ngama-15 ekhulwini. A-20 pesenti aze ukubola, yaye ukuba nje icinyiwe. Kodwa yinkqubo wokwenene.

Ngoko ke, ingqiqo entropy, leyo kwangenisa imeko yemathematika, URudolf Clausius, ichazwa njenge ukuzalana inkqubo apho ukwanda entropy kuxhomekeke iqondo lobushushu indlela kuthelekiswa nexabiso zero elililo. Enyanisweni, libonisa ixabiso inkunkuma eneji (ezilahlekileyo).

Esi salathisi silinganisa isiphithiphithi

Kunjalo kuyenzeka ukwabelana ezinye iinkolelo athi entropy - umlinganiselo isiphithiphithi. Oko kukuthi, ukuba sithabatha njengoko kuvame igumbi umfundi ukuba icocwe kwi iyunifomu ndawo kuya kufuneka ukuba zikhona ezinye entropy umfuziselo iinkqubo ezivaliweyo. Kodwa ukubaluleka kwalo kule meko incinci. Kodwa ukuba ukongeza lokuchithachitha zokudlala, usondeze namaqhashu ukusuka ekhitshini (kakade, kukho umonakalo omncinane) kwaye ushiye saa phezu kwetafile zonke iincwadi zezifundo, entropy kwenkqubo (kwaye kule meko ethile - igumbi) baya kuvuka kabukhali.

into enzima

Entropy ndaba - Kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza inkqubo. Izazinzulu ezininzi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela zibe negalelo ekufundweni indlela yomsebenzi wayo. Ngaphezu koko, isigama entropy isetyenziswa kuphela izibalo physics. Yena uyindawo kakuhle nelilifaneleyo kwi chemistry. Ezinye iingcibi ukuyisebenzisa ukuze achaze nokuba iinkqubo ngokwasengqondweni kubudlelwano babantu. Makhe sibone umahluko amagama yemvelo ezintathu. Ngamnye kubo utyhila entropy, kwelinye icala, kunye ukuhlanganiswa kwabo kuya kusinceda ulitsala umfanekiso olubumbene ngakumbi.

imvume Clausius

Ayikwazi inguqu lakubalela emzimbeni liqumrhu lobushushu ncinane ukuya esiphezulu.

Qinisekisa le postulate ilula. Wena uya kuze ube nako ukuzifudumeza ngezandla ezibandayo, uthi, injana encinane engumkhenkce njengoko unge wayethanda ukuba umncede. Ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba usifake esifubeni sakhe, apho lobushushu ingaphezulu kunoko okwangoku.

Ukwamkelwa Thomson

Alinako ukusebenza ngenxa yazo kuba ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi ngenxa nobushushu, ezithatyathwe kula maqumrhu.

Kwaye ukuba kakhulu nje, loo nto ithetha ukuba akunakwenzeka ngokwasemzimbeni ukwakha umatshini motion ongunaphakade. Musa ukuvumela entropy kwenkqubo evaliweyo.

Boltzmann Ukwamkelwa

Entropy akakwazi bancipha sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, oko kukuthi, abo musani ukumamkela recharge amandla lwangaphandle.

Le ekuqulunqeni ihlunguzela ukholo abaxhasi ezininzi ingcamango yendaleko, kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba bacinge nzulu ubukho iphela uMdali okrelekrele. Kutheni?

Ngenxa kungagqibekanga kwinkqubo evaliweyo, entropy njalo kwandisa. Ngoko ke, mandundu yi-isiphithiphithi. Sondeza kunokuba ngenxa recharge amandla yangaphandle kuphela. Kwaye lo mthetho, sibona yonke imihla. Ukuba ngaba uthathe unonophelo egadini, indlu, imoto, njalo njalo. E., nje baya konakala.

In megamasshtabah yonke yethu - naye sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo. Yaye izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba ubukho bethu kufuneka zibonise ukuba ndaweni kukho eli gunya recharge lwangaphandle. Ngoko ke akumangalisi namhlanje ukuba akhona bayakholelwa kuThixo.

Utolo ixesha

Omnye umzekeliso luli kakhulu entropy angamelwa njengoko Utolo kwexesha. Oko kukuthi, entropy ibonisa apho icala aya ukususa inkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni.

Eneneni, akuthandeki ukuva ekugxothweni-sitiya, uya ulindele ukuba indawo apho waye uxanduva, bekuya kuba zichanile yaye kakuhle abanembeko. Nje okwahlukileyo - ukuba ngaba kuqeshwe omnye umsebenzi, emva kwexesha elithile, nkqu umyezo intle ukuza linxuwa.

Entropy in chemistry

Xa ingqeqesho "Chemistry" entropy sisalathisi esibalulekileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ixabiso layo uchaphazela ekudibaneni kwemichiza.

Ngubani ungakubonanga imeko ukusuka umboniso apho abalinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo idluliselwe zeekhonteyina nitroglycerin, esoyikela ukuba bawaphikise ukudubuleka intshukumo ngokungakhathali elibukhali? Yaba kufundisa kumgaqo ye entropy in kwemichiza. Ukuba umzimba wakhe wafikelela ingongoma ebalulekileyo, bekuya kuba indlela iqale, nto leyo ikhokelele-dubulo.

Umyalelo disorder

Kakhulu ziyayichaza into entropy - ke umnqweno isiphithiphithi. Eneneni igama elithi "entropy" kuthetha sakujika okanye olujikelezayo. Sele wathi ubonakalise inyathelo. umdla kakhulu kulo meko, entropy ze gesi. Makhe uzame ukucinga ukuba kwenzeka njani.

Thatha sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo eliquka kwizikhongozeli ezibini ezidityanisiweyo, nganye na irhasi. Uxinzelelo kwimigqomo de baba ngokuqinileyo ezihambelanayo, waba ezahlukeneyo. Khawucinge ngoko kwenzeka kwinqanaba eziphilayo, xa zifakwa kunye.

Isihlwele molecule ziphantsi koxinzelelo kakhulu, ngoko nangoko wakhawuleza waya kubazalwana bakhe, owayehlala kude kakhulu ngokukhululekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, baye banda xi apho. Oku kuthelekiswa indlela la manzi kwigumbi lokuhlambela. Wegqitha waya kwelinye icala, ngoko nangoko Lisuka nje ukuya kwelinye. Ngokufanayo, molecule yethu. Kwaye zethu ezikude ngokupheleleyo nempembelelo yangaphandle, baya tyhala inkqubo logama nje ukuba ukuseka ukulinganisela kulo mqulu lonke. Ke ngoko, xa ngeenxa molecule nganye iya kuba kanye isithuba efanayo njengoko asebumelwaneni nakubo bonke abanye. Kwaye kuya kuba entropy liphezulu chemistry. Nokujikeleziswa kunye zinguquko kupheza.

entropy Standard

Oosonzululwazi baye bazishiya iinzame zabo ukuba ukuhlela lokuhlela nokuba ngumbhodamo. Ngenxa yokuba ixabiso entropy kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi iimeko ezichaphazelekayo, ibinzana elithi "entropy umgangatho" iye yaziswa. Iinqobo zale migangatho zishwankathelwe kwitafile ekhethekileyo, ukuze ngokulula ukwenza izibalo nokusombulula imisebenzi isicelo eyahlukeneyo.

amaxabiso Ukungagqibeki kwi entropy standard ingqalelo iimeko kuxinzelelo yemeko elinye kunye lobushushu 25 Degrees Celsius. Njengoko ubushushu kwandisa izinga kwandisa.

Khowudi kunye Rhweba

Kukho kwakhona iinkcukacha entropy. Yenzelwe ukunceda zofihlo imiyalezo ikhodi. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo entropy - yindlela ulwazi nakwiingqikelelo ezenziwayo. Ukuba amagama elula kakhulu, kuba indlela ekulula ngayo iza kuba ukwambula cipher ingenelelwe.

Zisebenza njani? Ekuqaleni, kubonakala ukuba, ngaphandle nangona naziphi na iinkcukacha umthombo ukuqonda ayikwazi ukuba lo myalezo elifihlakeleyo. Kodwa oku akuyonyaniso. Apha iza amathuba.

Khawube nomfanekiso-ikhasi umyalezo ofihliweyo. Niyazi ukuba kusetyenziswe ulwimi Russian, kodwa abalinganiswa kwanto. ukuqala phi? Cinga: yintoni na amathuba ukuba le ncwadi iya kuhlangana kweli phepha 'b'? Kwaye ke ithuba lokuba bakhubeke phezu ileta "o"? System, uyaqonda. Zokubala abalinganiswa ukuba eqhelekileyo kakhulu (kwaye ubuncinane kusenokwenzeka - kuba njalo sisalathisi esibalulekileyo), kwaye xa kuthelekiswa kunye awohluke yolwimi apho umyalezo obhaliweyo.

Ukongeza, kukho rhoqo, kwaye kwezinye iilwimi kunye nendibaniselwano nzile iileta. Olu lwazi ikwasetyenziselwa ukuwufunda. Hi ndlela leyi, le ndlela isetyenziswa yayingeyiyo Sherlock Holmes ibali "I Adventure ka vavanuna Dancing". Ngendlela efanayo ukuba ndimaphule codes kwi run-ukuya kwi Second World War.

Kwaye ke entropy ulwazi yenzelwe ukunyusa ukuthembeka ikhowudi. Ngenxa iifomyula eyenziwe Mathematics bangahlaziya nokuphucula iinketho shifrovschikami ecetywayo.

Unxibelelwano nge esimnyama

Theory nto elindele kuphela kuqinisekiswa, abaninzi. Omnye wabo ubalisa isenzeko ye entropy kunye ngokwentelekiso lwafunyanwa kutshanje esimnyama. Ithi ukuba amandla elingachithelwanga nje iguqulelwa ebumnyameni. Izazi bacinga ukuba indalo yethu ekhulwini-4 kuphela ukuwa kwi mba njengoko sisazi. Ke namanye 96 ekhulwini basebenza unexplored ngalo mzuzu - ebumnyameni.

Loo isihloko akubamkela ngenxa yokuba ayenzi ukusebenzisana imisebe magnetic kwaye likhupha kuyo (njengoko konke ezaziwayo ngelo xesha izinto kwindalo). Kwaye ngoko, ngeli nqanaba lophuhliso zokufunda inzululwazi ye esimnyama kunye neempawu zayo oko akwenzeki.