Ukubunjwa, Imfundo Secondary nezikolo
IPersi - oko lizwe ngoku? Iran: Imbali The lizwe
Amaxesha amaninzi ezi ntsuku ukuva ibali ilizwe emazantsi-ntshona inxalenye Asia, ekuthiwa wasePersi. Yintoni ngoku le lizwe iye endaweni phezu kwimaphu kwezopolitiko zeli hlabathi? Ukususela ngo-1935, wasePersi yaziwa ngokusesikweni ngokuba Iran.
Kumaxesha amandulo, eli lizwe yaba iziko lobukhosi omkhulu, intsimi yakhe sandisiwe ukusuka emlanjeni waseYiputa ukuya Indus.
geography
Kufuneka utshilo okokuba ngelo xesha akazange abe imida ecacileyo State wasePersi. Yintoni ngoku lizwe kula mazwe, ukuchonga yingxaki ngokwaneleyo. Nkqu Iran yanamhlanje kuphela malunga ibekwe kwi kumhlaba wamandulo wasePersi. Inyaniso yokuba kwezinye ixesha ubukhosi phezu ezininzi zehlabathi eyaziwayo ngelo xesha. Ke kaloku, kwakukho iminyaka okubi, xa ummandla wasePersi sahlukana phakathi nababusi zasekuhlaleni, ukulwa omnye komnye.
UNcedo okuninzi yangoku Highlands eliphezulu Persian (1200 m), awela Ibanga ilitye chain kunye iincopho ngamnye ezivukelana ukuya ku 5500 m. Iintaba Elbrus kunye zeZagros ibekwe kwinxalenye esemantla nasentshona na ebumelwaneni. Bona amalungiselelo ngokohlobo unobumba «V», ndinibumbela ithafa.
Ifunyanwa ngakwintshona wasePersi, eMesopotamiya. Yinto ekhaya ukuya kwempucuko kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngelo xesha, imeko ubukhosi nempembelelo kakhulu inkcubeko yelizwe abanazo wasePersi.
indaba
IPheshiya (i-Iran) - oko ezweni eye imbali omkhulu. imbali yayo ibandakanya iimfazwe ndlongondlongo kunye ukuzithethelela, imvukelo neziphithiphithi, kwakunye gadalala zonke ezopolitiko. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye Iran yamandulo - indawo awazalelwa kuyo amadoda amakhulu ngelo xesha, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwabaxhamla zobugcisa nenkcubeko kweli lizwe, wakha ubuhle obumangalisayo izakhiwo yayo, izakhiwo apho nangoku kuthi solo ngobungangamela yayo. Imbali wasePersi, kukho inani elikhulu amakhosi yokubusa. Nje engekhoyo ayinakubalwa. Nganye kwezi amakhosi ndiyakumfikisa force imithetho yabo nemimiselo ezihlambela omnye nje zange alinge.
ngqi zembali
Kuninzi kuphunyeziwe wasePersi kwindlela yophuhliso. Kodwa zadibana ephambili yophuhliso lwayo zithathwa ukuba babe inamathuba amabini. Enye yezi pre-Islamic, kwaye eyesibini - a Muslim. Le Islamization ye Iran yamandulo isizathu utshintsho ezibalulekileyo kwiinkalo zayo zezopolitiko, ezentlalo nenkcubeko. Noko ke, oku akuthethi yokuduka amaxabiso ezindala yokomoya. Oko kuphela sokulahla, kodwa ubukhulu becala nempembelelo inkcubeko entsha, nesuka kweli lizwe Ekuveleni iiphiriyodi ezimbini zembali. Ukongezelela, abaninzi amasiko pre-Islamic nezithethe alondolozwe Iran ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Board Achaemenid
Iran yaMandulo njengelizwe yabakho uKoreshi II. Lo mlawuli yaba ngunozala i Achaemenid ubukhosi, leyo ngamandla ukususela kwiminyaka 550 ukuya-330. BC. e. YamaPersi namaMedi - phantsi uKoreshi II ezimbili ezinkulu isizwe Indo-Asia zaye kuqala bamanyane. Eli xesha igunya omkhulu bamaPersi. ummandla wayo kwandiselwa Central kunye Minor Asia, i-Indus Valley neYiputa. Iziza ibalulekileyo ngezakudala kunye nembali kukho amabhodlo eyinkunzi Achaemenid Persian - nePersepolis.
Apha ingcwaba uKoreshi II, kwakunye umbhalo wazikrola uDariyo I Behistun eweni. Ngelo xesha, wayitshisa nePersepolis uAleksandr Makedonsky ngexesha lephulo lakhe ekoyiswa Iran. Oku kuphelisa Ukoyiswa omkhulu uBukhosi Achaemenid. ubungqina obubhaliweyo eli xesha, ngelishwa, akazange asinde. Aqotywa yi Alexander Omkhulu.
lamaHellenist
Ukususela 330 ukuya 224 BC. e. WasePeshiya yaba kwimo ukuhla. Kunye lizwe kunye nenkcubeko layo wénza. Ngeli xesha, Iran yamandulo phantsi kolawulo sigqibo ngexesha yesiGrike eSelukiya, ukuba ube yinxalenye karhulumente eponymous. Ukutshintsha inkcubeko kunye ulwimi wasePersi. Bona baphenjelelwa ngamaGrike. Kwangaxeshanye, inkcubeko Iranian bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa. Oku kwaba nempembelelo abasuka eGrisi. Kodwa kwenzeka kuphela kwezo nkalo apho kukho self-ezaneleyo kunye noluntu emikhulu zamaGrike.
eParti
Kwadlula iminyaka, amandla amaGrike ePersi lifike esiphelweni. History of Iran yaMandulo wangena kwisigaba esitsha. Eli lizwe yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi Parthian. Kukho lalilawulwa Arshakids, bazijonge inzala Achaemenid. Ezi abalawuli wasePersi wakhululwa kumagunya isiGrike, kwakunye awukhusele ayehlasela amaRoma kunye mbuya.
Ngeli xesha, lo amaqhawe yesizwe Iranian yadalwa, kukho inani elikhulu lezifundo kunye nabalinganiswa zobuqhawe. Omnye wabo Rustem. Le hero Iranian ngeendlela ezininzi efanayo uMofokeng.
Kweli xesha Parthian wabona yokomelezwa kwenkqubo feudal. Oku Wanciphisa wasePersi. Ngenxa yoko, yoyiswa Sassanids. A nqanaba entsha kwimbali Iran Ancient.
Sasanian Empire
Phakathi 224 no 226 iminyaka n. e. etroneni wabhukuqa Parthian ukumkani wokugqibela Artaban V. Amandla kunye nkqi le Sassanid ubukhosi. Ngeli xesha, imida Iran yaMandulo zange kuphela awukabuyi, kodwa yandiswa kwimimandla yasentshona China, kuquka Punjab kunye Transcaucasia. Ohlanga Alwa imfazwe rhoqo namaRoma, yaye enye abameli balo - Shapur I - Akwazi ukuba zifake uMlawuli wabo Valerian. imfazwe abasisigxina wakhokela Sassanid ubukhosi kunye uBukhosi baseByzantium.
Ngeli xesha, wasePeshiya waba uphuhliso esixekweni, yaye kwakukho ekomelezeni urhulumente kazwelonke. Ke kwakukho wabhala, ezaba unqulo esemthethweni lizwe. Ixesha Sassanid waphuhliswa kwaye samkelwa inkqubo ezine-ekhoyo kwisahlulo zolawulo ezithile ngokwezinga kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi eklasini 4.
Xa xesha Sassanid ePersi zazinqumla ubuKristu, nto leyo kakubi wadibana ababingeleli beli hlelo. Ke kwakukho ezinye inkcaso iintshukumo zonqulo. Phakathi kwabo - Mazdakism kunye Manichaeism.
Omele kakhulu adumileyo Sassanid ubukhosi waba Shah Khosrow I. Le nguqulelo yokoqobo yegama lakhe lithetha "yokungafi komphefumlo." wobukumkani bakhe ngangosuku 531 ngeminyaka 579. Khosrow I wayebhula kangangokuba udumo lwakhe yagcinwa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi emva ukuwa Sassanid ubukhosi. Lo mlawuli uye wahlala kwimemori inzala njenge wenguquko omkhulu. Wabonisa umdla omkhulu Khosrow I-bulumko nenzululwazi. Eminye imithombo Iranian langoku nokulithelekisa kunye kaPlato "sobulumko-ukumkani".
Sassanid kakhulu buthathaka iimfazwe rhoqo kunye neRoma. Ngo-641, eli lizwe olahlekelwe idabi enkulu Arabhu. Isigaba Sassanian imbali Iran yaphela emva kokufa ilungu lokugqibela yale ubukhosi - Yezdegerda III. WasePersi wangena ixesha amaSilamsi yophuhliso lwayo.
IBhodi amakhosi zendawo
Arab Caliphate andiswe ukuya ngasempuma. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente yayo esembindini eBaghdad eDamasko ayikwazanga ukugcina ulawulo olungqongqo onke amaphondo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni e Iran kwakukho amakhosi zasekuhlaleni. Eyokuqala kuzo - Tahirids. abameli balo abalawulayo phakathi 821 873 iminyaka. e Khorasan. Saffarids balikhupha eli yaka. ukubalasela wabo kummandla Khorasan, Iran nakumazantsi Herat kwaqhubeka kulo kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yesithoba. Ngaphezu koko, lo itrone yathinjwa Samanids. Le lobukhosi, bazibeka kwinzala umphathi Parthian mkhosi uBahram Chubin. Samanids wabamba itrone iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, luhlanganise igunya layo phezu iindawo ezinkulu. Country Iran ebudeni bolawulo lwabo lususela ongaphandle esempuma Highlands ukuya kuLwandle Aral kunye zeZagros intaba kuluhlu. iziko uMbuso eBukhara.
Thile emva, kummandla wasePersi yayilawulwa iintlobo ezimbini ngaphezulu. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi kwaba Ziyaridy. Bona ukulawula ummandla kunxweme oLwandle lweCaspian. Ziyaridy wayedume begxeka yakhe kobugcisa kunye noncwadi. Kwangaxesha nye, kumbindi Iran waba ngamandla indlu bund wall. Baye oyiswa Baghdad kunye Force, Khuzestan kunye Kerman, uRay kunye Hamadan.
ubukhosi Iranian Local wafuna amandla ngendlela efanayo. Babamba etroneni, ukhulisa umntwana imvukelo exhobileyo.
Indlu Ghaznavid and Seljuk
Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesibhozo kwi- Iran Plateau waqalisa ndzulu izizwe zamaTurkic ephila. Ngokuthe ngcembe, indlela yokuphila yabantu baba amavila. Kwakukho zokuhlala ezintsha. ALP Tegin - enye yeenkokheli zesizwe zamaTurkic - baqalisa ukukhonza Sassanids. Ngo-962, waba amandla kunye nemigaqo karhulumente eyenziwe ntsha, eyinkunzi egama isixeko Ghazni. ALP Tegin waseka indlu entsha. Gaznevity amandla yabamba kancinane kwiminyaka elikhulu. Enye abameli balo - Mahmud Gaznevi - igcinwe phantsi kolawulo rhoqo loo mmandla eMesopotamiya ukuba India. Umlawuli efanayo Harasane yaba Limi sesizwe Oghuz Turks. Kamva, inkokeli yabo Selcuk waphakamisa imvukelo wayichitha indlu Ghaznavids. capital Iran kaThixo yabhengezwa isixeko Rae.
Seljuk ubukhosi fanele ku-Muslims obudala. Wathabatha olawula abalawuli balapho, kodwa iminyaka emininzi ukubalasela yayo Alwa imfazwe rhoqo.
Ngexesha nokugqama amandla okhethekileyo Seljuk bokwakha ezifunyenweyo. Ngexesha lokulawula ubukhosi wakha amakhulu madrassas, zamaSilamsi, izakhiwo zoluntu kunye amabhotwe. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ubukumkani Seljuk kuthintele imvukelo esisigxina kumaphondo, kwakunye ngokuhlaselwa nezinye zezizwe Turks, ngubani bafudukela kumazwe entshonalanga. yayiziimfazwe buthathaka kurhulumente, yaye ekupheleni kwekota yokuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, oko waqala iba.
Ukongamela kwalowo Mongols
Ukuhlaselwa ngamatutu Genghis Khan ongenakuwelwa ne Iran. imbali yelizwe lisixelela ukuba 1219 umphathi yakwazi ukuba ulidle ilifa Khorezm, uze phambili ukuya ngasentshona, limisiwe eBukhara, Balkh, Samarkand, Merv kunye Nashapur.
umzukulwana wakhe, Hulagu Khan ngo-1256 kwakhona yayihlasela Iran, waza wathabatha ezikhukhula Baghdad, wabatshabalalisa Abbasiysky caliphate. Umnqobi wathabatha isihloko Ilhan, waba umseki indlu Hulaguid. Yena kunye nabalandeli bakhe ncakasana unqulo, inkcubeko kunye nendlela yokuphila yabantu Iranian. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, lo Mongols kwindawo bamaPersi baqalisa ukuba buthathaka. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba alwe imfazwe rhoqo nxamnye nabalawuli feudal kunye nabameli amakhosi zasekuhlaleni.
Phakathi kwiminyaka 1380 no 1395. indawo ihewu Iranian yathinjwa Timur (Tamerlane). Baye oyiswa lonke ilizwe, leyo ezikufutshane ukuya kuLwandle lweMeditera. Inzala umphathi enkulu de 1506 bayenza urhulumente Timurid. Ngaphezu koko, oko subordinated kwi-Uzbek Sheibanids Minor.
Imbali ye Iran ukusuka kwiinkulungwane 15 ukuya 18
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zilandelayo ePersi kuqhubeka imfazwe igunya. Ngenxa yoko, ngenkulungwane ye-15 kusiliwa phakathi izizwe ak-koyundu kunye Kara-aoyundu. Ngowe-1502 amandla yabanjwa Ismail I. Lo mlawuli yaba Safavid lokuqala ummeli - ubukhosi Azerbaijani. Ebudeni bolawulo Ismail I kunye nabalandeli bakhe Iran savuka amandla alo emkhosini kwaye iye yaba lilizwe elichumayo ngokwezoqoqosho.
Safavid karhulumente wahlala olomeleleyo de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1629, nguye umlawuli wokugqibela Abbas I. Kule ngasempumalanga Kharassan oyiswa Uzbeks, kwaye entshona - woyisa Ottoman. Iran, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ikhadi ngoweqela kummandla wakhe yayintle, Ubaguqisa Georgia, Armenia kunye Azerbaijan. Phakathi kule mida kuyo yayikhona kuze kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.
Ngomhla kummandla kwiimfazwe bamaPersi zaye walwa Turks and Afghanistan abaye bazama ukoyisa eli lizwe. Yaba ixesha xa ngamandla Afshar Minor. umhlaba ongenamanzi ye Iran ukususela 1760 ngenxa 1779 babephantsi amandla ubukhosi, leyo yasekwa Kerim Khan Zand. Emva koko ke wayichitha le ndlu Qajar eTurkey. Phantsi kwesikhokelo inkokeli yabo, iye yazuza emhlabeni yonke yasethafeni Iranian.
Qajar ubukhosi
Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi elinesithoba, Iran olahlekelwe kwiphondo, ummandla namhlanje Georgia, Armenia kunye Azerbaijan. Oku kwaba ngenxa Qajar ubukhosi akazange akwazi ukwakha isixhobo siqinile, enempi yesizwe kunye nenkqubo emanyeneyo lokuqokelela irhafu. Amandla abameli balo ndandibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye akakwazi ukuba sixhathise iminqweno ombuso Russia kunye Great Britain. Phantsi kolawulo amagunya ezinkulu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane elinethoba lasuka ilizwe Afghanistan kunye Turkistan. ndlela Iran yaba ngokulahleka ibe enkundleni longquzulwano Russian-British.
Yokugqibela Qajar yaba inkosi siseko. Lo mthetho Dynasty ebalulekileyo kwanyanzeleka ukuba uxinzelelo kwelo lizwe lezimangalo. Against ulawulo lomgaqo-Iran na amagunya amabini - Russia kunye United Kingdom. Ngowe-1907, ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano kwi kulwahlulo wasePersi. inxalenye yawo osemantla lumkile Russia. Kumazwe kumzantsi ukuba babe negunya nefuthe layo UK. Inxalenye eyintloko yelizwe wamshiya kwizowuni cala.
Iran kule nkulungwane yama-20
ubukhosi Qajar yabhukuqwayo kwi ubhedu. Kuye elikhokelwa Jikelele Reza Khan. Kwathi ukuba amandla indlu entsha Pahlavi. Eli gama, nto leyo Liguqulwe lithatyathwa Parthian lithetha 'nengqondo kunye nesibindi ", ibiya ukugxininisa uhlobo imvelaphi Iranian.
Ebudeni bolawulo Zulu Shah Pahlavi wasePersi asinda kwimvuselelo yazo wesizwe. Oku lula yi iinguqu ezininzi olukhulu olwenziwa ngurhulumente. Yaba ekuqaleni mveliso. utyalo-mali ezinkulu zabelwa uphuhliso shishino. koohola nokuzinza nololiwe. Ngenkuthalo kuqhutywa uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa oyile. iinkundla kubekwe sele ithathwe kwiingxoxo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ePersi Baqala yotshintsho olubanzi.
Ngo-1935, urhulumente walitshintsha igama layo wasePersi. Yintoni ngoku lizwe ezihlangwini wayo? Iran. Kuyinto i mandulo self-namaPersi, elithetha "elizweni Aryans" (abamhlophe ephakamileyo). Emva 1935 laqala ukuvuselela elidlulileyo pre-Islamic. imizi Iranian Minor kunye ezinkulu igama. Bayimisa ezikhumbuzo pre-Islamic.
Ukubhukuqwa umbuso
Le Shah lokugqibela Pahlavi ubukhosi weza etroneni ngowe-1941 ebukumkanini bakhe lathatha iminyaka engama-38. Ekuqhubeni-nkqubo yayo angaphandle yayikhokelwe ngokwembono Shah USA. Noko ke, yena yaxhasa kolawulo pro-American eyayikho Oman, Somalia naseChad. Enye ukuchasa abadumileyo Islamic Shah wayengumbingeleli KMA Ruhollah Khomeini. Wathatha imisebenzi olululo ngokuchasene norhulumente okhoyo.
Ngowe-1977, US uMongameli Dzhimmi Karter banyanzelisa Shah ukudambisa ingcinezelo ngentshutshiso. Ngenxa yoko, abahlalutyi abaninzi iqela wolawulo ezikhoyo Iran yaqala ukubonakala. Ukulungiselela le revolution Islamic. Le misebenzi yenziwe yi eliphikisayo, iye mandundu isimo yoqhankqalazo yoluntu Iranian owakuchasayo nkqubo zasekhaya lizwe, kunye nengcinezelo amazwe Church pro-American nkqubo.
revolution Islamic yaqala emva kokuba iziganeko ngoJanuwari 1978 Kungelo xesha ukuba amapolisa wadutyulwa umboniso labafundi wamelana eyapapashwa kwiphephandaba likarhulumente inqaku yokubuza imibuzo Khomeini. Le udlame lwaqhubeka kulo nyaka. Shah Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bangene kwelo lizwe phantsi komthetho ngamajoni. Noko ke, ukuba phantsi kolawulo loo meko Yayingekho. NgoJanuwari 1979, i-Shah wemka Iran.
Emva indiza yakhe kweli lizwe baqhuba zimvo. Ngenxa yoko, Aprili 1, 1979 kwakukho Islamic Republic of Iran. NgoDisemba waloo nyaka wabona ukukhanya-siseko oluhlaziyiweyo eli lizwe. Olu xwebhu yamkele igunya elongamileyo ka-Imam Khomeini, emva kokufa kwakhe ukuze zinikwe angene ezihlangwini zakhe. umongameli Iran kaThixo, phantsi kwe siseko, owayephethe amagunya ezopolitiko kunye yoluntu. Kunye naye ubukumkani amazwe ukuphumeza i-Prime Minister neBhodi eCebisayo - mendzhlis. umongameli Iran yeyona usisiqinisekiso umthetho eyamkelwe-siseko.
Iran namhlanje
karhulumente ezimibalabala kakhulu yaziwa ukususela kwixesha lakudala kakhulu ePersi. Leliphi ilizwe ngoku ngokusondeleyo ukuze utshatise esithi "East - umcimbi intekenteke '? Oku kuqinisekiswe phezu ubukho kunye nophuhliso zoMbuso umbuzo.
Islamic Republic of Iran, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, eyodwa yesazisi yayo. Yaye eyenza ihluke kwezinye amazwe Asia. Republic of kwesihloko - isixeko Tehran. Esi sixeko enkulu, leyo yenye nje enkulu ehlabathini.
IPersi - oko lizwe ngoku? Kakhulu inkolo. koomatshini bawo yoshicilelo ishicilele ezininzi iikopi ze-Koran oyiNgcwele, ngaphezu onke amanye amazwe Muslim.
Emva kokuba revolution yamaSilamsi, kwiRiphabliki Uye waqondisa lokufunda nokubhala jikelele. Uphuhliso lwemfundo apha uqhu-.
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