Imbali

Imbali ebuyela ngaphezu kwekhulu, ebunayo (kumaXesha Aphakathi), lolu (Renaissance). Nokuba phakathi kwabantu bakudala waphawula ubudlelwane apho kwezinye izinto okanye iimveliso zitshintshile kwezinye. E eMesopotamiya, Egypt, baqalisa ukuba imilo ngakumbi ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakukho iyunithi yokubala, baqala ukwenza icebo ubhalo: yorhwebo - imali - yorhwebo.

yakwazi baseBhabhiloni ibalisa ngawo imicimbi engekenziwa ngowe ukuthenga nokuthengisa amakhoboka, iinkomo kunye nomhlaba. Ngelo xesha saqalisa ukuba imilo, kunye nobudlelwane ngetyala phakathi kwabantu, ukuphuhlisa iindlela apho iimpahla, amakhoboka kunye nemfuyo kwaziswa iPersi, Armenia, Media, Arabia ne India. Le mizila efanayo bemba amatye anqabileyo, iziqholo kunye nobulawu, amalaphu aqhelekileyo kunye izinto zesiliva negolide. City, ngalo ukuthutha iimpahla, yachuma.

Imbali Mandulo Greece, yaye kamva uBukhosi baseRoma, oko kubonakala iintsomi kunye nemisebenzi zoncwadi. I-Greek uthixo ngokuba nguHermes kunye Mercury Roman wanceda abantu exchange ngempumelelo kwempahla, kwaye imbeko yabo kwakhiwa iitempile, izipho ezingcwele bazise. Ke ukuba amaGrike amandulo nje kuphela amazwe kodwa athengisele ezahlukeneyo impahla, ngoko amaRoma, njengoko umthetho, beza kuphela. UBukhosi baseRoma iye kuthenga isonka nesityu eYiputa, inyama kunye neemveliso zobisi e eGaul, ukususela Afrika kwaziswa iziqhamo kunye namafutha omnquma, ukususela China - isilika. Phantse ihlabathi lonke igcinwe neentlobano zokwazana neRoma.

Emva kokuwa yombuso yembali yorhwebo ivuliwe kwenye indawo. Ukwenziwa ithi ezintsha yaseYurophu ukuba nempumelelo kufuneka athethathethane ekuthengisweni. Ngexesha loMlawuli Justinian kwi VI leminyaka AD Byzantium uphuma kwi ehlabathini waza wakha ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu kunye East, ulwandle mawubekwe emlanjeni indlela yokuthumela impahla. Byzantium ngaphandle kwa-Aram, umqhaphu neswekile abathengisa nge India, China, amazwe loLwandle Black, ngoxa abarhwebi Italian musa ukuba oosomashishini okhuphisana zabo, vykradyvaya imfihlelo Chinese kwemveliso isilika. Ukususela ngoko, i-baseYurophu baye baqalisa ukuvelisa ezi amalaphu olugqibeleleyo.

KumaXesha Aphakathi abazange unetarhu ukuchuma nophuhliso intengiso, yaye kuphela Renaissance imbali yoshishino wafumana indlela entsha. Abantu baqala ukuvula umhlaba omtsha, unexplored, inqanawa okhulayo, kwaye siphuhlise neendlela ezazingaziwa apho iimpahla eziziswayo. Ngelo xesha kukho intsalela sempahla kufuneka kuphunyezwe. Eli xesha luphawulwa kukuba kwimbali uphuhliso lorhwebo kuyaqala ukuba abe umlinganiswa elibi. Le kwamanye amazwe kakhulu amakhoboka ukususela Afrika de ngenkulungwane ye-19 - kulihlazo eyoyikekayo ephucukile Europe. Abantu bethengisa mbi nje irhamncwa, kwaye zithunyelwa kwi-Old kunye Yehlabathi Elitsha.

Oobawo laqala ukwenza ukuthenga nokuthengisa kutshanje. Imbali urhwebo eRashiya uqala VIII-IX iinkulungwane, yaye yaba liziko Kiev. Kwimarike langaphandle, ookhokho bethu ngaloo mihla sasiyinikile ubusi, oboya, iimveliso zezolimo. Kule ndawo apho esixekweni yathatha indawo kwi kwindawo yemarike, apho wathengisa ngofele, uboya, izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngenkulungwane XII, Novgorod waba iziko lorhwebo engundoqo Russian, yaye ngenkulungwane XIV - Moscow. Oobawo wayesazi ukuba athengise ngayo; kwaye babesazi ngumgwebi elungileyo. Saqala ukuvela iintlobo ngeendibano kunye Gostiny Dvor.

Xa xesha uPetros imbali yoshishino eRashiya uba yaseYurophu. Abarhwebi kunye mveliso nokukhuthaza ngempumelelo ilizwe kwimarike yehlabathi. Iqala ngaphezulu zokuthenga kakhulu kwempahla baseYurophu eMelika. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII zenze iinkampani ezinkulu ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye Indiya kunye neTshayina, apho impahla abaninzi kwamanye amazwe. Ekupheleni kwimbali kwenkulungwane XIX kuphuhliso korhwebo eRashiya ufikile indawo yayo. Empire iye yaba yenye amagunya abaziintloko, isabelo ingonyama ngayo ekuthumeleni imveliso kwimalike zehlabathi.