I indawo okuyo ye Vladimir-Suzdal ukubusa. Inkcazelo Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli

Imbali lizwe lethu igcwele a lot of iziganeko umdla kwaye ebalulekileyo, namagama amanani aziwayo amagama ezo zixeko kunye neengingqi apho wayesebenza khona. Ngoko, xa kwimbali kubaluleke kakhulu yamandulo yaba Vladimir-Suzdal ulawulo, nto leyo enxulumene amagama kunye neziganeko abadumileyo kakhulu ezimbalwa.

Ngelishwa, imbali yawo, indawo kunye nabantu bathi eninzi. Namhlanje siza kuxubusha ngendlela indawo okuyo ye Vladimir-Suzdal ulawulo, kunye nezinye iimpawu zayo.

ulwazi olusisiseko

Ngaphambili, yayibizwa ilizwe Rostov-Suzdal, kwaye ibekwe phakathi imilambo Oka kunye iVolga. Lo mmandla usoloko zizakubalulwa imihlaba ochumileyo emangalisayo. Akumangalisi ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII apha kukho inkqubo enkulu-kusekwa kakuhle seigniorial umhlaba komhlaba. Kuba kwezo ndawo kwakukho amahlathi ezininzi, zonke iinkalo umhlaba ochumileyo ephakathi kwabo. Bayiqonda igama Opole (eli gama livela elithi "umhlaba"). Kangangethuba elide kwi seLizwe yaba isixeko Yuriev-Polsky (ukuba nje wazinza kummandla Opole). Ziziphi iimeko zokusingqongileyo kwe-Vladimir-Suzdal ukubusa?

Xa uthelekisa lo ndawo kunye kummandla Dnieper, imozulu apha kwakunzima kakhulu. Izivuno yayimikhulu kakhulu (ixesha), kodwa lokuloba, lokuzingela yosi, leyo yaphuhliswa abekwezo ndawo, wanikela "nekofu" nice. Indawo bokuhlala wejografi ye Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli kunye neemeko zayo kunokuba ngqwabalala kukhokelele kwinto yokuba nokuxubana weza apha kamva, bejamelene kunye bomthonyama abemi Finno-Ugric.

Umgama ukusuka kumaziko impucuko baloo maxesha iye yakhokelela ekubeni Vladimir-Suzdal mde yenqaba nokubekwa ngokucinezela ubuKristu e Kiev.

indawo okuyo

Abantu umdla apha kwindawo ekhethekileyo geographical: ukuba ayakhuselwa ilizwe sisifo ezivela macala onke imilambo ezinzulu, enkulu indawo imigxobhozo kunye namahlathi luluqilima. Asimele silibale ukuba indawo okuyo ye Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli lalilungile imida yayo wasezantsi zagutyungelwa zezinye izilawuli Slavic, leyo wakhusela abemi kula mazwe evela ngesinyanzeliso le mbuya.

Ukuchuma ubulawuli kwakhona ngokusekelwe isixa esikhulu abantu obalekayo abaya ehlathini lendawo kuzo zonke kuphangwa efanayo nabalandeli ezigqithileyo iirhafu yenene.

iimpawu eziphambili Vladimir-Suzdal

Yiloo eyahlukileyo i Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe. ULUHLU inkcazelo kakuhle kwezi ntlobo zalo eziphambili.

Malunga trade inzuzo

Emazweni Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli ukubeka iVolga kwindlela yorhwebo, nto leyo enxulumene la mazwe kunye East. Trade iye luncedo kakhulu apha. Akumangalisi ke, kula mazwe beza ngokukhawuleza wabanumzana ngokwaneleyo womelele kwaye osisityebi, ekube bekulungele kakhulu kwi Kyïv, kwaye ke ngoko liqalise ofisi esisigxina yaye lavaka ku tifuma. Ngaloo ndlela, indawo okuyo kakhulu Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe negalelo ekwakhiweni njalo sisityebi "karhulumente ngaphakathi karhulumente."

Nokubanceda ekulandeleni koku nento yokuba isikhulu umele ukuya kwikona yasekuhlaleni ingqalelo yabo kunokuba emva kwexesha, kuba loo ndawo etroneni kumazwe akude yona kuphela oonyana abancinane, abo enqwenelekayo ukususa ukusuka eKiev. Kuphela xa Monomakh weza ngamandla, amandla kunye nobuninzi karhulumente yaqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Kungenxa yoko le nto fiefdom ilifa Monomakh waba igama noVladimir-Suzdal, imephu ezifumene kumazwe entsha ngokukhawuleza.

Phakathi lendawo ilizwe-ilokishi kunye nenzala Vladimir Monomakh yasekwa umanyano apha ngaphambili ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe, baqhele yokucinga oonyana nabazukulwana ka Monomakh njani abathetheli babo. Yokufika yelifa ebangelwe ludlule umsebenzi yezoqoqosho, ukukhula kunye ukuvela izixeko ezintsha wazimisela ukunyuka qoqosho nopolitiko mmandla. Kwimpikiswano phezu amandla abathetheli Rostov-Suzdal ubutyebi kakhulu.

Opole

Ulimo ngaloo mihla ekufuneka nokunyamezela emangalisayo. Kodwa ezweni Vladimir-Suzdal akamnikanga nayiphi na iziqinisekiso, wona. Kwi izishumi enye kwinkulungwane XII phantsi kweemeko ezininzi kangangoko akwazi ukuqokelela hayi ngaphezulu kwe-800 kg. Noko ke, ngaloo mihla kwakulungile nje, kodwa ngenxa Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe, uphawu yayo kwinqaku ngokukhawuleza baba zizityebi.

Kodwa ke kuqoqosho abalimi bobulali ingakumbi kuxhomekeka iinkomo. Bathi ngokwaso phantse zonke iintlobo zemfuyo: iinkomo, amahashe, iibhokhwe kunye neegusha. Ngoko, kwi ngabembi kwezo iindawo ezininzi asithoba ezinamarhengqa amakhulu entsimbi, ezo zasetyenziselwa hay. Okubaluleke kakhulu ke ukufuya ngamahashe, ezo zisetyenziswa kakhulu xa kusenziwa emkhosini.

"I-iziqhamo zomhlaba"

Malunga nama kwinkulungwane XII, kwavela ngokunjalo horticulture. Eyona nto yanceda Its ngaloo minyaka zaba izifakelelo yenkcenkce likhaba ( "empumlweni"). Ingakumbi ezininzi eziye zafunyanwa Suzdal. Le Cathedral ye Yokuzalwa lomzi kukho umfanekiso ka-Adam. ukuya caption yomfanekiso ucacisa ukuba "uAdam ukumba ibala." Ngoko ke, imbali yonke Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli kuhlangene kunye nokuphuculwa rhoqo kwezakhono abemi balo.

Malunga nama kwinkulungwane efanayo uqala ukuphuhlisa igadi olunzulu. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kulapho kuphela eninzi abemi. Oku kwakhona kuqinisekiswa ngabembi bezinto ezininzi, apho kufunyenwe inani elikhulu iintsalela le nemiyezo apile nabadala. Isithethe kwakhona ukuba ukususela kwinkulungwane XII kwi kummandla seLizwe baqala ukubeka inani elikhulu zomyezo cherry. Ayephila wabhala ukuba isixeko Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli le "perile eRashiya."

Nangona umsebenzi amaninzi baqala ukuphuhlisa ezolimo kunye horticulture, abemi waqhubeka ngenkuthalo inxaxheba apiculture, ngokuzingela nokuloba. Kwimingxuma bafumana isixa esikhulu iminatha, neefolokhwe, eYafo, kwaye uhlala njengeentlanzi ezibanjiswe. Yintoni enye uyazifihla i Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe? kube uphawu iya kuba kakhulu njengezingaphelelanga ukuba ngaba ukuthetha ngezandla, emi abemi balo.

yezandla

Ngaphandle amagcisa akunakwenzeka ukuthelekelela ubomi ubulawuli elinye kuloo minyaka. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kwezo iinkosi kwiinkulungwane ezikhethiweyo yayahluke kuphela imveliso igqityiwe, kunokuba eziphathekayo. Ngoko ke, sedelschik waba ulwazi olugqwesileyo hayi nje iindlela zonyango ulusu, kodwa ubuchule ezahlukeneyo ayenza ngazo wazihombisa imveliso yakhe, nto leyo mhlawumbi nomtsalane ngakumbi abanokuba ngabathengi. Ekubeni zobuciko ahlala kuphela ngokuthi "ezinxulumene" Umgaqo, emizini amagcisa asakhulayo ngokukhawuleza zokuhlala yonke.

Ezinye izindlu baze ezikweni ekhethekileyo abasebenzi lokunyibilikisa afunyanwa, leyo zafakelwa abambisane nabo apho ukutya. Ezinye kwayenza zazisebenza kuphela isicelo. Enye, kude ngakumbi udidi emininzi iinkosi, silwenza iimveliso kuba urhwebo ubunzima kwiimalike ezidolophini kunye neentengiso ngqo abarhwebi abhadulayo, abo babemthanda kakhulu Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe. Ngokufutshane ukuthetha malunga nezinye iiklasi, anikwa phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XII, bakhula ngokukhawuleza yonke yezandla efanayo babethandwa kulo lonke Kievan Rus. Noko ke, ukususela yemihla xesha, kulandela ukuba umsebenzi engundoqo yabantu balapha ngokukhawuleza yaba zokusebenza. Ekuhambeni kwe kwimingxuma ezininzi lwezixhobo zokusebenza ngokhuni. Akukho wobugcisa ngaphantsi yamandulo abekwezo ndawo kwaba ngodongwe.

Uphuhliso zodongwe kwi seLizwe

Ubungqina kophuhliso ebonakalayo ubuchule zodongwe na ulwakhiwo lusekeleke Cathedral ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII. Ngasechwebeni emlanjeni omncinane Kamenka wafumana iintsalela kilns ezintathu ezinkulu, iyileyo unokuzidawunlowuda izitena amawaka amahlanu ngexesha. Kuthathwa ukuba kwangeli xesha linye, iingcibi basekuhlaleni kakuhle imveliso ulwelo kunye iithayile. imilinganiso zabo zifika 19x19 cm, nto leyo ngaloo mihla idabi zeteknoloji wokwenene. Ukwenza tile sihle ngakumbi, ba- besebenzisa uluhlu elikhulu zonke iintlobo enamels kunye glazes.

Uluhlu enjalo olubanzi natyebileyo nophuhliso empahleni Vladimir-Suzdal ubulawuli waya yi ephala, njengoko imali kwakuqukuqela umsinga ebanzi mali yakhe.

processing stone Art

Izinto zokubopha wobugcisa baqala ukuphuhlisa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII, inkosi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu iphumelele eziphakamileyo oluphawulekayo ishishini labo. Xa izixeko seLizwe kukho iingcibi ezininzi, abaxholi. Akukho kwenzeka ukuba abaninzi Suzdal izinduna of Vladimir udela ngokuba "amakhoboka kunye neengcibi." Ngasekupheleni nenani-40 Suzdal kukho abakhandi olwahlukileyo lwe neengcibi. Yaba inkosi yakhe yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekwakheni iintlafuno Pereslavl-Zaleski, Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal. Ukongeza, ukuba nabo bakha yokuhlala lizwe Kideksha.

Development of blacksmithing

umsebenzi mkhandi kwezi nkalo wasamkelayo yande kakhulu kwaye oko eliphezulu kakhulu. Ukuba, kwakhona, emva yesihloko yokwemba, ngethuba yokubona inani elikhulu izixhobo mkhandi. Kufutshane nedolophu Vyazniki kwizindlu zabucala iisampula ezininzi Bog isinyithi kwafunyaniswa ukuba icebisa ukusasazeka ngokubanzi yale art phakathi kwabantu ababehlala kwi Vladimir-Suzdal seLizwe. Ngokufutshane, bebeziingcibi kakhulu.

Kuvuthondaba izakhono mkhandi basekuhlaleni baba iminqamlezo omkhulu kwingcinga kunye Dmitrievsky icawa, zinokuhonjiswa ngemfano weathervane ihobe, kunye nezigcaliselo ubalaseleyo ezenziwe ngobhedu. Ke Christmas kunye Kwingcingane Cathedral of Vladimir imigangatho sayo esihle ngokulula eziphikisana bonke.

Weaponsmithing

Kodwa ingakumbi ngexesha ngensimbi ndawo wayemi gunsmiths didi. Benza Sholom Yaroslav Vsevolodovich kunye battleaxe Andreya Bogolyubskogo, ekufuneka ingqalelo iisampulu hayi kuphela ingcibi, kodwa izacholo ubuciko. mail ingakumbi odumileyo yasekuhlaleni.

Ukongeza, abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana wayeyithanda zakuba ilizwe isaphetha, ukusuka apho bade yasinda iintolo ezisixhenxe. Ubude nganye kuzo malunga 170 iisentimitha, yaye ngoko nangoko ubunzima 2.5 kg. Kungenzeka, chroniclers yabo yamandulo ebizwa ngokuba 'shereshirami ". Eyona nto yayixabiseke neengcibi Sizibandakanye iibhodi mveliso.

Archeologists bafumana Suzdal kunye Vladimir mkhandi bakwazi ukuvelisa ubuncinane enye anamanci mahlanu imizekelo yeemveliso ziintsimbi, ukuba ngaxeshanye ngaphezulu kwama-16 amakhono ezahlukeneyo.

Ukwaluka nokusebenza amalaphu

Kwakukho kakhulu kulo lonke nokuluka, kwakunye iintlobo embalwe. Ngexesha kwimingxuma yafunyanwa kuphela izixhobo ezininzi ezi yobugcisa, kodwa yokutyiwa amalaphu. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo iinkosi Russian kwezi iindawo babesazi ukuba ubuchule bokuthunga amahlanu, kuquka ephambili. Le materials kakhulu ezimbini: ngofele, uboya, isilika nomqhaphu. On amalaphu kwiimeko ezininzi walondoloza ezimfakamfele zobungangamela ngomsonto yesilivere.

Ekubeni seLizwe kudala iphuhlisiwe izilwanyana, kwaye abasuki kwezi ndawo kakuhle ngokwaneleyo. iinkosi Suzdal waduma kude ngaphaya kwemida yelizwe azo yuft ezisemgangathweni kunye Morocco neebhutsi ezingaqhelekanga. Ukuxhasa oku kakuhle yaziwa ngezangqa zabo uNjingalwazi NN Voronin wafumana ngexesha kukugrumba kwezinye ezingasemva okuninzi "eziphelweni kwabafileyo." Ngoko ke ngaloo mihla ngokuba amaqhekeza iimbambo inkomo, esetyenziselwa machining neentsuba.

Unyango kwethambo

Kwazeka oko kubo balapha kunye bemifanekiso bone nobuchule. Phantse wonke kumbiwa umsele ukuhlangabezana amaqhosha ithambo eziliqela, bamanqatha kunye nezinye izincedisi zasekhaya. Malunga yande kakhulu ifumana nezacholo nangobungcibi kwangelo thuba. Njengoko Vladimir kunye Suzdal ezininzi ngumngundo coppersmiths kwafunyanwa. Bejewellery efanayo njengoko kanti, umsebenzi wayo usebenzisa ngaphezulu kwama-60 iintlobo neefom iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. intlonelo Special kuluntu legunya abo iinkosi abasebenze iimveliso ngegolide.

Bafumana nesacholo, nazo zonke iintlobo namaso, namacici kunye namaqhosha ezithe wayekwazi ezihonjiswe enamels kunye nomjikelo wemveliso entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Zonke iinkosi Vladimir ukusuka yegram enye zesilivere yakwazi ekutsaleni ngekhilomitha intambo esihle!

uphuhliso loqoqosho

Yini enye iimpawu Vladimir-Suzdal ukubusa? Njengokuba sele sitshilo, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho kunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo iindlela zorhwebo nto ibalulekileyo bawubaleka wonke emdeni wayo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye warehouses ezininzi iingqekembe Oriental wafunyanwa (dirhems), eyaqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ubudlelwane yorhwebo n'wina Vladimir kunye Suzdal kunye namazwe akude. Kodwa kurhwebo lwasekhaya kwatyatyamba: oko oqaphelekayo ingakumbi neentlobano zokwazana Novgorod, awanyakazela ngayo abathengisi bendawo benza kurhwebo okuziinkozo.

Akukho ayayo yaba urhwebo kunye Byzantium, kwakunye kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Ingakumbi wacaphula emlanjeni yokuthumela indlela. Noko ke, iinkosana usoloko basekuhlaleni ukuze ngokungqongqo blyuli kunye iindlela zorhwebo isiwe, njengoko iingxaki kubudlelwane kunye nabarhwebi enokuba nefuthe elibi-ntle kulo ilizwe.

Ezi iimpawu Vladimir-Suzdal ukubusa.