Gostiny Dvor eRashiya. LeMiboniso e Gostiny Dvor

Gostiny Dvor Russia, kunye onke zorhwebo, zinembali omangalisayo imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso. Ifomu yokuqala unaniselwano yaba "urhwebo cwaka", olu sapho lwaluquka kwinto ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwi intengiselwano zange bajongane. "Urhwebo Cwaka" Zinjalo ngabantu abaninzi, inkoliso yabo bonke, ukuze bonke, kodwa akukho bungqina yembali bobukho bayo yokwenene kwi kummandla Russia. I ukukhankanywa lokuqala lobudlelwane zorhwebo eRussia kwiinkulungwane 8-9.

Eyokuqala ku Russia zokuphuma

Ngelo xesha elinye iziko eliyintloko kuthengela eKiev, sise ekupheleni umzila. Bathi athontelana apha zonke iimpahla befuna ngabo bonke nabarhwebi, kuquka amazwe. Area, apho ezininzi bezirhwebisana, waba engundoqo. Apha bafuna kubahlali baloo mzi, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa iimpahla, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bafunde iindaba, ngemibono, ukubukela imidlalo buffoons ngokundwendwela. Market Square wabonakala kamva kuqala Gostiny Dvor, leyo, enyanisweni, le ndawo zokugcina impahla. Kwixesha elizayo, baye ekho- ecaleni - a arcade evenkileni kunye Gostiny Dvor.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela Gostiny Dvor

E Novgorod, leyo uthathe isigqibo ephambili njengeziko yorhwebo kunye noqoqosho emva alapho Kiev, iindawo zokuthenga abavelayo ezizodwa series enjalo Vetoshny, ukuloba okanye ukubamba. Xa XII Ngenkulungwane iziko, ndisenza konke yorhwebo - imali, kwicala, linganisa kunye ubunzima, kuba eMoscow. Gostiny Dvor musa ayikho, xa inxalenye indima yabo lwenziwa ecaweni, Unyanisile apho ebaleni - kwigumbi elingaphantsi lempahla yazo emnyango, ukuba eziyincamisa. E Moscow, elo xesha ezininzi iivenkile, kodwa kuzo zonke enasilela ngayo zokuphuma amazwe aseYurophu. isayizi yazo ezincinane ezinxulumene ngqo imisebenzi irhafu. Lo msebenzi zobundlobongela eMoscow XIV-XV iinkulungwane kuthwalelwa phandle kufuphi Moscow River kwebhulorho. Lo mmandla ithatha indawo enkulu - apha aba asezantsi, embindini, imiqolo aphezulu kakhulu ezivenkileni encinane kakhulu elincinane.

Ukhokho Gostiny Dvor

EMoscow wayitshisa izihlandlo eziliqela, yaye emva umlilo 1493 bagxothwe incwadi yesicelo, abarhwebi ubanike ummandla ebomvu Square elizayo. Apha Ilyinsky sacrum (ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, lwezitrato zokuthenga eemveliso lwenziwa esebenzayo ingakumbi) ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI kwaye yakhiwe kuqala eRashiya yamaplanga Gostiny Dvor. EMoscow yaba ngunozala isakhiwo ehotele. Ukongezelela abahlala kuyo bevela kude abarhwebi bafika kummandla eyadini unalo yokugcina ukugcina iimpahla kunye noovimba for lokushiywa - yentengiso kwindawo yeenkundla athengisayo singàphunyezwa naphakade. Ekuqaleni, lo Gostiny Dvor bokwakha yayo ethile. Imfuneko yokuba yabo kunye urhwebo kunye nezinye iingingqi kunye namazwe. Ngoko ke, kummandla wenkundla ngoko nangoko wakha amasiko. Iiyadi zidla sakhiwe, kuthathelwa ingqalelo neempawu zesizwe zorhwebo.

khona angaphandle

Ngoko, kwi ezineevenkile elikhulu Russia (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) ziye kudala zikho iiyadi zorhwebo Dutch kunye nesiJamani, Armenian yamaYuda., "anglitsky" nangesiRoma. Yaba uhlobo enjalo iindawo ezinqatyisiweyo - lendawo ejikelezwe yi kocingo nkqi, iimboniselo kwakungathethi kuba impahla babebaninzi, kwafuneka ukuba bakhuselwe. Kwintendelezo iindawo ezisetyenziswa inkqubo mirhumo neerhafu, leyo, enyanisweni, kwenziwa ukuphucula nokwandiswa zabo.

unit Independent zesakhiwo

Ukuba ahambe abantu impahla zokuhlala eyakhelwe - izindlu zabarhwebi, umrhumo kuba indawo leyo yaba ndlela enomahluko - polavochnaya kunye izbnaya. La maziko eevenkile zakhiwa lo mgaqo: oko kwakufuneka swi zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze enze bhaza ngamaqela amakhulu. Xa iziko, kakade, kwemimandla kunye namaziko aseburhulumenteni, emele amandla mzi, oko kukuthi amasiko. Kwakhona obekwe kwaye "ezibalulekileyo" - lokudlala benemizimba. Ukuqeqesha ndlu, bathhouse, iphabhu, yentselo (izibonelelo inyanzelekile ukuba umzimba kunye nomphefumlo), athi bhuma ihashe yakhiwe kufutshane ezintangweni. Uninzi kummandla ahlala yi bhuma intendelezo - warehouses ukugcina iimpahla.

Ingakumbi izakhiwo

Baye ugqunywe warehouses gallery enye, yaye zazakhiwe ubukhulu becala kummandla ongaphandle kwebala, ngokuveliswa arcade okanye ngaphezulu kunqabile, kwivaranda (Kostroma eyadini). Amaninzi, neegalari ezo, iivenkile ahlanganise noovimba zakhiwa imigangatho ezimbini. Kwakukho imigangatho zokwakha. Umzekelo, ubukhulu esitulweni ifikelela neemitha ezimbini ubude, oko polulavka ngokwemvelo kabili ngaphantsi. Kubekho ke, lemka kwimilinganiselo esekwe - oku kubangelwe ingakumbi izinto ezithile. Imigqomo kwinjongo yaso warehouses iye igcinwe kule mini - kwaba ibhokisi kunye "tote omkhulu" okanye "nosiltsy". Izinto ezifana iibhutsi, waqhubeka le bar kwaye ezintandathu. Kwesinye yokugcina wabe Abarhwebi ezimbalwa, kwaye maxa wambi inceba yanikwa lonke kwintendelezo yokuhlala. EMoscow, Novgorod kunye Tula uyayazi imizekelo ezinjalo.

Imisebenzi njengesiseko ekwandeni

Izisuli akufuneki ecocekileyo kuphela kwaye kakuhle - ukuba Akabhatalelwa ukusebenza oovimba (ukutya), yonke indawo (izbnye) kunye irhafu polavochnye. Kukho nezinye iintlobo imisebenzi - bangathabatha inceba kweentlobo ezithile iimali okanye urhwebo kunye ebusika okanye ibhodi umkhombe, ukuba ahlawule "ekuguquleni ingqokelela." Kunye nokuqaliswa yeenkundla yorhwebo zonke abarhwebi sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlale kuyo kubo, Kakade ke, ukuba uthe akazange abe nendawo yabo yentengiso esixekweni. Ngakumbi ukuqaliswa kwe iimpahla kwenzeka, ukuba akukho zithengwa zisisixa yezithuthi elandelayo, le mall, apho eyanikelwa evela Izitora Gostiny Dvor.

inendlela enomahluko eqhuba

khona olulodwa abasemzini imithetho zorhwebo. Ngoko ke, kwinkulungwane XV kwi abarhwebi Novgorod isiJamani kuvunyelwa kuphela kabini ngonyaka, ngomhla isithuba kakuhle echazwe lokuzisa iimpahla. Nditsho ke, iinkosana yalinda phezu izilangazelelo kubavelisi balapha ekhaya. Xa imimandla yeenkundla yorhwebo langaphandle, kwakunye Amanxusa, utyando nemithetho yayo, kwaye iTshawe Novgorod babengenalungelo ngoncedo. Kodwa (yezizathu) uyazi abathengisi bendawo esazi ngandlel kunye neemveliso, ingakumbi uguqulelo zabo ezintsha, oku bekufanele ube nomdla Gostiny Dvor. Exhibition okanye ezinye iisampuli kwakuza kufuneka lubekhona nommandla wayo, ngokusekelwe apho kuya kwenzeka emva kwentengiselwano.

Enye namashishini esisiseko

Urhwebo kumaXesha Aphakathi - kuba lishishini elikhulu ukuba siphathiswe kwaye oonozakuzaku, kunye nenkcubeko kunye nemisebenzi wevangeli. Gostiny Dvor Republic of Genoa, leyo, isimiso, iye yaba iqonga kurhwebo lwehlabathi abarhwebi German Dutch, isihloko Imizobo emininzi amagcisa kunye nemisebenzi zoncwadi. Tsar Saltan wethu kuphela sakhangela iinqanawa zabarhwebi elwandle, ukuze bafunde "Kulungile eh il phesheya embi, yaye yintoni ehlabathini ummangaliso." Kuba ezi imigca, ungenza kuzigweba ukubaluleka abarhwebi (liyakwamkela ukumkani) kunye urhwebo ngokubanzi. Ukususela ngelo xesha nekulula namhlanje kwi kummandla welizwe lethu walondoloza amaziko yamandulo yorhwebo yale hlobo. Bona kuphela ezikhumbuzo zembali kunye yokwakha, kodwa ayihombise umzi. Oku kuquka "incasa lidala" Kutshanje, ngendlela. Nendlela ubuzwe, enomtsalane ubufumane-win ukuba igama yokuthenga kunye nokuzonwabisa mihla enkulu complex "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula - umzi apho kukho iziko enjalo.

indibaniselwano eminyaka

Eli ziko cishe, ngehlombe kunye nengxelo ngokuqhubekayo ethembisa kakhulu unokuviwa kaninzi. Kweli lizwe kukho isithonga esitsholo isakhiwo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Ngoku ke wakha iqashiso lwesizwe, izakhiwo yantlandlolo ezingekho semgangathweni ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ke intendelezo yokuhlala mihla e Tula akwazi ukumelana ngaphandle kwale mvelaphi. Njengoko kumaxesha amandulo, iindawo zokuthenga ziye nto ibalulekileyo ebomini umzi, indawo apho ukuba bakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zenkcubeko ngemihla, elube lufuna zonke baloo dolophu, yaye namhlanje abasemagunyeni isixeko ikwazile ukwakha iziko ukuba nomdla tulchan, kuwa- nyanzela ukuba ashiye iindonga amakhaya azo seza ngenxa yesizathu esithile, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula iminyaka emibini njengoko elikhulu wayibhiyozela kuvulwe grand zokuthenga kunye nokuzonwabisa enzima, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, isixeko kunye nesakhiwo yayo. Ukongeza ezivenkileni 150, 6-screen cinema, cafes eliqela zokutyela, ndawo zokwenza umthambo, amaziko ukufaneleka, zokuzilungisa, apho kubonelelwa maziko ukubhaliswa imitshato kunye nokuqhutywa kwimitshato ezilandelayo. Yonke into efunekayo ukuze umntu namhlanje, unako ukunika Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Imiboniso ezigcinwe kuwo onke amaziko anjalo zicwangciswe kwiholo mboniso omhle.

Eyona baziincamisa kwiyadi ophilayo lizwe

Kakade ke, nkqu ukugweba ngalo igama, okulufaneleyo amagama akhetekileyo "Big Gostiny Dvor", ilitye lesikhumbuzo wembali Russian kunye izakhiwo ngenkulungwane XVIII, phantsi ukhuselo UNESCO. Wamitha naphantsi Elizabeth, ukuba yakhiwa Rastrelli ummiselo ka 1758 kwi "esinqeni" of Nevsky Prospekt kunye Sadovaya Street. Izitora iivenkile, eyakhiwa abarhwebi, kwakumele ukuba abanike efanayo ngalo, libhange ilungelo yokosulela ilifa, kuba ngezimali ukwakhiwa eyayicwangciselwe ukuba ziqalisiwe ngeendleko yabathengisi, kodwa ukuqala umsebenzi, bonke ilibele, yaye ekugqibeleni iprojekthi ngokwayo akamkeleka.

Ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa yi-Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe. Wawuqala 1761 ukuya 1785. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo, ezinkulu yokuhlala iyadi waqalisa ukuba adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ubomi St Petersburg. Ukuze kuye, njengoko ziyakubaluleka okhethekileyo ziko capital Northern, owokuqala yaqhutywa izibane igesi. Kuyo yonke le minyaka ikhona ke labuyiselwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kunye nokulungiswa kunye nokubuyiselwa yi la magcisa aphambili, restorers kunye nabayili bezakhiwo, njengoko Tsarist kunye Soviet Russia. Ngeminyaka 1886-1887 kaThixo, NL Benoit wayibuyisela Gostiny Dvor.

Petersburg ingakumbi neqhayiya esi sakhiwo kunye elunxwemeni. Ngemihla elungqingweni vika bakhe kunye nezinye izakhiwo zonqulo kwikomkhulu Northern. Kwiminyaka 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor wabuyiselwa kwaye zibonwa lesikhumbuzo bokwakha. Emva kokuba ukungcitywa elilandelayo, kwenziwa kwiminyaka 1955-1967, abantu iivenkile 167 eyayikho kummandla wakhe ongapheliyo, bathelela kwisebe usembindini isixeko ekuthiwa "Gostiny Dvor". Kuba zonke Ukulungiswa isakhiwo zazihonjiswe - umnyango omkhulu ngokobutyebi zinokuhonjiswa, ngoko wongezelela iifestile ezintsha efafazwe-glass kunye nemithombo. Ukususela ngowe-1994, ivenkile isebe waba inkampani imfuyo joint, kwaye ngoku isakhiwo bobabo kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeNkcubeko eYiphutha.

Petersburgers babekuthanda kakhulu neqhayiya babo "yokuhlala." ummandla wayo mihla ibekwe nje zonke iintlobo kudederhu lweevenkile, nto leyo watyelela imihla ngabathengi ukuya ku-300 000 ehlabathini lonke, kodwa ikhaya fashion ophezulu, kunye namaziko ebalaseleyo umboniso nemiboniso ezahlukeneyo. LeMiboniso e Gostiny Dvor namhlanje iyalila into kalula - kakuhle, apho kungekho khona?