EzikwelasePonto: imbali, imali, umphathi-mkhosi. WasePonto kunye nendima yayo kwimbali oLwandle Omnyama

Ubukumkani yamandulo linguAkwila, ise empumalanga ka- Asia Minor, ukuba wayengomnye ubalaseleyo ithi lamaGrike ngexesha lakhe. Oku kwaba nempembelelo enkulu phezu kumazwe angabamelwane kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe kuLwandle Black. Zonke ithi yamandulo engasezantsi Russia namhlanje-ngandlel 'waboleka into kule mandla. WasePonto nesayensi mihla ungaphezulu kakhulu kunamanye amazwe efanayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba abaphathi bayo ixesha elide owalwa kunye neRoma. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukugrogriswa, nto leyo ubukumkani linguAkwila, lwabonakala inkqubo yezopolitiko yangaphakathi kweli lizwe.

indawo

Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho yalo III - I leminyaka. BC WasePonto amaxesha amaninzi batshintsha umda, ikakhulu ngenxa yokwanda yayo. iziko uMbuso North eKapadokiya emzantsi-mpuma kunxweme loLwandle Black. Kumaxesha amandulo yayisaziwa ngokuba Pont Euxine, kwaye yiyo loo nto ubukumkani kuthiwa wasePonto okanye nje olufinyeziweyo xa ebhala.

Character karhulumente ubukhulu becala uzimisele ngenxa kwindawo yayo kakuhle wejografi. Yeyiphi imimandla yaba yinxalenye yobukumkani ezikwelasePonto? Yaba ilizwe phakathi Central kunye Western Asia, akwiiBalkan kunye yoLwandle Black. Ngenxa yoko, i-Pont waba neentlobano zorhwebo yonke imimandla owamenza abalawuli abazizityebi kunye namandla. La abathengisi kumantla eMesopotamiya, Iran Plateau neCaucasus. impahla Rare Oriental bazisa into eninzi. Coins ezikwelasePonto eSwitzerland ngegolide yaye imbonakalo ekhethekileyo. Abembi bezinto zakudala bayaqhubeka ukufumana kubo Turkey neRashiya, Ukraine neCaucasus.

umphakathi

In koPontiyo karhulumente ugalelwe izithethe izizwe ezininzi. Kule ubukumkani Asia Minor kuhlala phantsi, lia, Iranian kunye namasiko nezithethe zamaGrike. Inani labemi ikakhulu abathatha inxaxheba kwezolimo, nto leyo ubabalweyo sezulu onomoya. Cities e Ponte lalilincinci kakhulu. Baba kakhulu kunxweme kuLwandle Black. Ezi nkqubo ukuba lasekwa bamathanga zamaGrike.

labantu wakhiwe kwi esikwiwebhu, Macron, Ghalib, Colchis, kataontsam. Babehlala apha zonke iintlobo njengabaphambukeli, ezifana izizwe waseFrigiya. Xa ubukumkani ezikwelasePonto nakaloku, kwakuyakuhlala eninzi Iranian lothethayo namaPersi. Konke oku bhuqe yaba nomgqomo yingozi. iintlanga ezahlukeneyo ziye simanywe ngokusebenzisa inkcubeko enkulu lamaGrike (ngesiGrike). Ngasempumalanga wesizwe baphila, impembelelo waba buthathaka. Uninzi labantu kwamaGrike loLwandle Black kunxweme-nkqubo.

Ponta base

WasePonto wombuso yasekwa nguKumkani Mithridates I 302 BC Xa imvelaphi, waba wasePersi abalungiselela ukumkani Macedonian Antigonus. Ngenxa yezizathu akukacaci olinene yeyela ihlazo kunye umlawuli yakhe waza wabaleka waya eKapadokiya elikude, apho wafika wavula urhulumente omtsha. Egameni bonke ubukhosi elandelayo wookumkani ezikwelasePonto yaziwa Mitridatidami.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe iimeko apho kwabonakala urhulumente. Kwiintsali ezikwelasePonto, ogama imbali wathabathela ekupheleni ekupheleni BC ngenkulungwane IV. e., zivelile kwitekisi amandla amakhulu, wadala Aleksandrom Makedonskim. Le jikelele kuqala oyisa Greece uze alaqhenqetha inkcubeko yamaGrike ezininzi yakuMbindi Mpuma. igunya analo lifutshane ixesha elide. Uye iyangena izilawuli ezininzi phezulu nangoko emva kokufa ngowe-323 BC

kweentyatyambo

Inzala Mithridates Ndaqhubeka ukomeleza nokuphuhlisa imo ezikwelasePonto. Bona bancedwa yi ukuqhekezwa kwezopolitiko abamelwane ukuba zingasondeli ezinokubakho nzima ngenxa yempembelelo kule ngingqi. ngexesha layo, le meko yamandulo kuso Mithridates VI Eupator, owayelawula 117 - engama-63. BC

Eselula kwafuneka abaleke ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Emva kokufa kukayise nonina wakhe Mithridates VI ngokuchasiweyo unyana uthathe itrone yayo efanelekileyo. Ukungalali elubhacweni, ngokungathandabuzekiyo wawuhlanganisa ukumkani elizayo. Xa ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukuba abuyele ngamandla, lo mlawuli wenza imfazwe kunye nabamelwane balo.

principalities ezincinane ngokukhawuleza neerhuluneli abathobelayo Mithridates. Ababephila ngobulungisa ukumbiza Enkulu. Wajoyina Colchis (Georgia mihla), kwakunye Tauris (eCrimea). Noko ke, ngaphambi yokumkani uvavanyo ibalulekileyo - amaphulo eziliqela nxamnye neRoma. Republic ngeli xesha chatha ukwanda kwayo East. Sele ujoyine Greece kwaye ngoku ibango ukuba Asia Minor, apho ubukumkani ezikwelasePonto wayekhona. Phakathi amagunya ezimbini yaqala imfazwe engenasiphelo.

Relations kunye namaphondo

Ukudala imeko enkulu, nto leyo esele eyayibonakala ubukhosi, Mithridates wachaswa ingxaki yendalo - ukugcina indlela onke ukuzuza yayo. Wazama ukufumana ukulingana ubudlelwane kunye namaphondo ezintsha, lubanike iwonga eyahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye izizwe ezincinane ezantsi ngokusesikweni baba namahlakani akhe, lo gama Colchis kunye Tauris yaba isiseko eziphathekayo zezibonelelo kuqoqosho lwesizwe.

Uninzi imali baya kwimivuzo kunye nokutya umkhosi. Akumangalisi oku, kuba ubukumkani ezikwelasePonto Mithridates olityelweyo ngayo xa oko ihlabathi. I koMlawuli wenza kummandla kumntla-ntshona yoLwandle Black, umthengisi enkulu yengqolowa. An isonka umkhosi olungenasiphelo kwakufuneka ukuze-elide umgama ehlasela zibe amaphondo baseRoma.

ukuphikisana zangaphandle nezentlalo

Mithridates VI wasePonto wazama ukwandisa urhulumente ngoncedo nkqubo Hellenization. Wathi yena lo nomondli umxhasi inkcubeko zamandulo zamaGrike. Kodwa le khosi ayikwazanga ingakukubetha bethana nomnye ngamandla yamandulo ebusweni eRoma. Republic kwimida yayo wasempumalanga zange mfuneko ubukumkani onamandla wasePonto.

Kwakhona Mithridates wazama ukomeleza ilizwe lakhe ngokwandisa amancedo nkqubo. Ngako oko ke wathanda eklasini ezidolophini lakhe icala. Kodwa nxamnye nkqubo yangaphakathi yaba ngophakathi enamandla. Amalungu ayo abafuni ukwabelana ubutyebi kunye nempembelelo-nkqubo.

Umgaqo-Domestic Mithridates VI

Ekugqibeleni baba ngabafo anikezelweyo ngumlawuli ultimatum. Kwafuneka ukuba kuxhaswe zayo okanye zinqanda imvukelo enkulu, ngemali xa iindleko kwamafutha izipaji abakhethekileyo. Ukumkani, ngubani na kaloku kwakusoloko kuyimfazwe phakathi eRoma, ayikwazanga ingaguqulwa ngokwayo phantsi okuhlatywa phaya emva. Kwafuneka ukuba enze umnyinyiva ukuya basebukhosini. Baye kwabangela ukuzalwa iklasi koFaro babexhaphaza abantu jikelele.

Ngenxa yale ntswela, ubukumkani linguAkwila, ogama umkhosi sakhiwa kwimodeli zamandulo zamaGrike okunene akazange akwazi ukuphelisa nguMtyholi despotism osempuma kwi polity yayo. Kubalulekile ukuba la mandla amakhulu yayikhona Bulelani kuphela mzobo akuyo nenamandla yokumkani enkulu. Emva kokufa Mithridates VI, yena nakanjani ukuba siwe bebodwa.

umbuso olubi

Namhlanje ubukumkani ezikwelasePonto kunye nendima yayo kwimbali oLwandle Black zihlolisiswe yi abaphandi abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani na, ingcali nganye wakhankanya kwi Mithridates VI xesha, ekubeni imeko yaso ifikelele incopho yayo.

Kodwa lo kumkani mkhulu kwakukho iimpazamo zakhe neengxaki akazange akwazi ukuzoyisa. Ukongezelela kwiingxaki zangaphakathi ezichazwe ngasentla, ukumkani kwafuneka ukujongana kungekho naziphi namahlakani ezinkulu ekulweni nxamnye neRoma. Unobangela emva kwiriphabliki ziye ezininzi kwiphondo lweMeditera - eGrisi, eItali, eGaul, Spain, Carthage, njl Enoba yintoni na esebenzayo umlawuli Mithridates, waba phezu amathuba injongo nako elide ukumelana kulwandiso wamaRoma.

ukufa Mithridates

Ekuqaleni kowe-'64 BC ukumkani wasePonto wakwazi ukuba ahlanganise umkhosi omkhulu ngexesha lika-36 amawaka abantu unokuloyisa Bosporus. Noko ke, umkhosi wayo beentlanga akazange afune ukuqhubeka eli phulo kwaye uye Italy, apho wayefuna ukuya Mithridates ashaye okulungileyo intliziyo ka eRoma. indawo savela yaba iyaxokozela, waza uqhela.

Ngelo xesha, umkhosi sebali oqolileyo. Amajoni ayenganelisekanga emfazweni, yaye ukongezelela, kukho umntu owayeza zingaphazamisani ubukumkani amandla Portiyskom. Oku kwaba ube nakumlibo nenxa Mithridates VI Pharnaces. Iyelenqe evuliwe, kunye nonyana wakhe wambamba. Ukumkani wafuna ukumbulala ukuba uMbuso, kodwa zibe zisondelelene Akunganqandeki waza wamcebisa ukuba ungahlali kwelo khaya. UTata wavuma.

Kodwa esi senzo zange kunceda ukuphepha imvukelo emkhosini. Xa Mithridates azi yayijikelezwe ziintshaba, wathabatha ityhefu. Loo nto ayizange isebenze. Ke inkosi bacenga kwabalindi bakhe ukuba bambulale ngekrele, yaye oko kwenzekileyo. Le ntlekele yenzeke ngo-63 BC AmaRoma weva ukufa Mithridates, kubhiyozelwa iintsuku ezimbalwa. Ngoku ke kufanele babesiba ubukumkani ezikwelasePonto kungekudala angenise kwiRiphablikhi.

Ukwehla Ukuwa

Emva kokufa ezikwelasePonto Mithridates VI ukuba azisalungiseki. I-Roman Republic, kwaphumelela imfazwe ngummelwane, wenza kwinxalenye esentshona ebukumkanini kwiphondo lakhe. Xa empumalanga, amandla wesiqhelo ookumkani Pontic azingisa, kodwa ke eneneni ziye exhomekeke eRoma. Mithridates unyana Pharnaces II wazama ukuvuselela amandla kayise. Wathabatha ithuba kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe yamakhaya eRoma , ayifikela republic. Pharnaces yabuyiselwa eKapadokiya kunye Njengomncinane Armenia.

Noko ke, impumelelo yakhe yaba mfutshane ixesha elide. Xa uKesare ekhululwa isiphithiphithi lwangaphakathi, waya ngasempuma, ukohlwaya Pharnaces. Xa kwidabi kwi Zely amaRoma woyisa ukudilika. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho Latin catch ibinzana «Veni vidi vici» - «weza, ndabona, mna ndiloyisile".

Yuliy Tsezar, nangona kunjalo, wayishiya isihloko yasebukhosini ngokusesikweni ezandleni Mithridates ziindlalifa. Endaweni yoko, ukuba ingqalelo ngokwabo akhonze baseRoma. Ekugqibeleni isihloko ke ibhangayo koMlawuli uNero ngowama-62 AD Umlawuli lokugqibela zobukumkani ezikwelasePonto Polemon II asiyeke ngaphandle abaphikisana, ekubeni kungekho izibonelelo ukujongana neRoma.