Lwezazi Russian - bathinjwa kuphazamiseka yembali imeko yezopolitiko

Njengoko kumazwe amaninzi ekhulile eYurophu, uphuhliso yokuhlalisana njenge inzululwazi eRashiya yaqala phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Le uqeqesho isebe ukuba ufunda imithetho ukusebenza kuluntu kunye nesakhiwo sayo. Noko ke, uphuhliso yayo kwilizwe lethu ixesha elininzi kuphazamiseka zembali ezimiselweyo imeko yezopolitiko ngexesha elithile.

ixesha Pre-revolution

I lwezazi zokuqala Russian ukuba, ubukhulu becala waba iphefumlelwe yokuyilwa oosonzululwazi Koloni. Okokuqala Auguste Comte, Georga Zimmelya kunye Emilya Dyurkgeyma. Noko ke, kule imeko yasekhaya, le inzululwazi iye Ndizuze umlinganiswa okhethekileyo kakhulu. Kumhlaba lendawo ingxaki olona ingcamango yesizwe.

Kungelo xesha kwezentlalo Russian ndadala ezininzi sibi kwilizwe (kwaye ke kufanele ukuba ezi zithandwa nanamhlanje) ingqiqo: Slavophilism, Westernism, njalo-njalo. Ke ukuvela kweenkampu ezimbini ezixhasa ezi zimvo, kuchazwe ingcinga lwezenhlalo kweli lizwe phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX. Slavophiles babeqinisekile ukuba iimeko yezembali eRashiya endiyibumbileyo apha omzimba ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo kwezentlalo, kungoko ke imfuneko nophuhliso oluzimeleyo kwaye eli ligatya iingcamango ngendlela yaseYurophu, kwaye ngokunjalo ngakumbi uhlanganiso. lwezazi Russian Westernising ziimvakalelo ithathwa naseRussia njengohlobo sasinempumelelo efanayo yaseYurophu wabiza ngokuba ukwahlula amaxabiso ezichaphazelekayo, ngokunjalo uhlanganiso ngokukhawuleza kwi intsapho yaseYurophu.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwaye ekuqaleni kwengcinga yenzululwazi ngenkulungwane XX Russian yaba ngeyona subjectivism. Xa inyaniso Russian ukuba ukufundisa iquka indlela yomntu kubachaphazela kakhulu indlela imbali ngokwabo, kungakhathaliseki imithetho kwinjongo yophuhliso lwentlalo kunye nembali. Le lwezazi idumileyo Russian ixesha pre-revolution: N. Danilevsky, UNikolai Chernyshevsky, L. Mechnikov, P. Lavrov kunye nabanye.

nesayensi yokuhlalisana eSoviet Union

Kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala post-mbuso, kwakusekho bekuthi wenkululeko kuphuhliso iingcamango lwezenhlalo. Itheko ezabonakala ngokwemizi zangaphakathi umzabalazo izimvo ngendlela ekhosini kufuneka ukuphuhlisa urhulumente. Science koluntu kweli xesha, kuyabonakala kunye nokuba inkxaso ngaphezu kwezentlalo kusetyenziswa Russian.

Ngenxa yoko, kwiiyunivesithi Petrograd kunye Yaroslavl bade wadala isebe. Ngowe-1919, i-Institute of Sociology yasekwa kweli lizwe, epapashwe iincwadi ezifanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-kude, kokukhona free-ucofe phantsi kwaye endaweni indlela abangabaxhasi bakaMarx ekufundweni yoluntu.

Ngo-1930, isosioloji ntoni na nehlazo karhulumente, waba pseudo-science kuyo. A iinzame entsha ukuvuselela safaka ukuthatha kwezentlalo Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwisiqingatha sesibini, xa kuthe kwakho kuyo 1960 oko yaphazamiseka uphuhliso iqhubeka zenzululwazi ezinxulumene inkqubo - bulumko kunye economics. Ezinye ukuqatshelwa inzululwazi lophuhliso loluntu ufumana kuphela 1970-1980, yaye kunye ngokutsha aze inkululeko. Noko ke, ukuwa-mali karhulumente yazisa kwabantu, kwakunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi ezininzi, iminyaka ukuba kumile.