UPeter Lavrov: i-biography, imisebenzi kunye namaqiniso anomdla

UPeter Lavrovich uLavrov (1828-1900) uyaziwa njengenye yezona ngcamango eziphambili ze-populism yaseRashiya. Ngesinye isikhathi wayenempembelelo enkulu ekubunjweni kwentlangano yokuguqula ilizwe lethu. Inomdla kukuba izifundo zakhe zentlalo kunye neengcali zefilosofi ezenza kube lula ukuqonda isimo sengqondo se-intelligentsia kwiimeko zentlalo kunye nezopolitiko eziseRashiya kwinqanaba lesibini le-19 leminyaka, kwakunye nokubikezela kokuwa kweBolshevism.

Usapho

UPeter Lavrov wayevela kwintsapho eyaziwayo. Uyise, uLauus Stepanovich, wakhonza emkhosini waza wathatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe yePatritic ye-1812. Wayenobungane nentloko ye-Imperial Chancellery kunye nemizi yamajoni, u- Alexei Arakcheev, owayenentembelo engapheliyo ka-Aleksander wokuqala. Emva kwemfazwe, uLavrov wagxotha kwi-rank of colonel of artillery kwaye watshata no-Elizaveta Karlovna Gandwig. Intombazana yayivela kwintsapho yaseRussia yaseRussia ehloniphekileyo kwaye yayifundiswa kakuhle ngexesha layo. Ngo-1823, babenendodana, uPetros. Ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhe, intsapho yahlala kwindawo iMelekhovo, ehlala kwiphondo laseSpkov.

UPeter Lavrovich uLavrov: i-biography emfutshane (iminyaka eselula)

Njengomnye wabalingane bakhe abavela kwindwendwe, ifilosofi yengomso ukusuka ebuntwaneni ifundwe ngeelwimi zangaphandle. Ngokukhethekileyo, ngokubonga kunina kunye nomqeqeshi onolwazi, wayesebenza ngokugqibeleleyo isiFrentshi kunye nesiJamani.

Ngowe-1837, uPeter Lavrov wathunyelwa eSt. Petersburg, apho waphumelela khona umvavanyo waza wangena esikolweni. Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe kwesi sikolo samabanga aphakamileyo asemkhosini, le ndoda yayibonisa ukuba yi-cadet ekhutheleyo kwaye yayithathwa njengomfundi ongcono kakhulu we-Academician M. Ostrogradsky. Impumelelo yakhe yayinzima kangangokuba emva kokufumana idiploma wasala ukuba afundise esikolweni sakhe. Ngokufanayo kunye noqeqesho, uPeter Lavrov wafunda ngokuzimeleyo uncwadi lwezenzululwazi kwiinkalo zentlalo nakwezoqoqosho, wabhala izibongo waza wafunda izibalo. Into evelele kuye yavelisa imisebenzi yabasebenzi bezentlalo.

U msebenzi o phambili

Ngokukhawuleza umqeqeshi weemathematika wafumana ukuqashelwa kwabalingane bakhe waza wathatha isikhundla somqeqeshi wempi eMikhailovsky Artillery Academy yasePetersburg, evukile kwi-rank of colonel. Ngomnyaka we-1860, wathunyelwa kwiSikolo soMkhosi waseMonstantine, apho iminyaka emininzi wayengumcebisi-umcebisi.

Ubomi bomntu

Ngo-1847, uPeter Lavrov watshata nomhlolokazi omhle ka-A. Kh. Lovijko. Umtshato kunye nonina wabantwana ababini, kunye neJamani ngokuzalwa (igama lomkhonzazana uKapger) luchukumisa izicwangciso zikaLavr Stepanovich, onophupha lenkampani enobungcali yonyana wakhe. Ngenxa yoko, uPetros wayenyanqatshelwe inkxaso yemali yomzali. Emva kwexesha, isibini esinezingane ezine neentombi eziqhelekileyo, ezenza imeko yezemali ibe yingozi ngakumbi. Ukuze ngandlela-thile "baphume", uLavrov waphoqeleka ukuba asebenze ekufundiseni "ecaleni" kwaye ubhale amanqaku akhethekileyo "kumagazini weArtillery." Le meko yatshintsha kangcono emva kokufa kukayise kunye nomzalwana omdala, xa uPeter Lavrovich wathola ilifa elihle.

Umsebenzi weencwadi kunye nesayensi

Ngaphandle kweengxaki zobomi, uPeter Lavrov owayenganelisekanga wayifumana ixesha lokufunda imisebenzi eyaziwayo kakhulu yamafilosofi aseYurophu ngexesha lakhe, iindinyana ezipapashiweyo ezivela kwi-AI Herzen, zathatha inxaxheba kwi-"Encyclopaedic Dictionary", ezipapashwe ngamacandelo efilosofi kunye noluntu, kunye nemibandela yoluntu , Ukubhala, ubugcisa kunye nemfundo kawonkewonke.

Ukongeza, ngowe-1860 incwadi yakhe yokuqala yashicilelwa. Kulo msebenzi, onesihloko esithi "Imixholo kwiingxaki zefilosofi," uLavrov wathi ukuziphatha okungenakukwazi ukungena kumbambano kunye noluntu olungabikho ukungabi nabulungisa. Ngokombono wakhe, uluntu olungileyo luya kuba yinkqubo esekelwe kwimanyano yokuzithandela yabantu abanokuziphatha nabakhululekile.

Ukubanjwa nokubhekisela

Kwiminyaka ye-1860, uPeter Lavrovich Lavrov, ochazwe ngasentla, ubambe iqhaza elisebenzayo kwinkqubela yomfundi kunye nentlangano. Waba ngumhlobo no NG Chernyshevsky waza waba ilungu lenhlangano yokuqala "umhlaba kunye nenkululeko".

Ngo-Ephreli 4, 1866 kumasango e-Summer Garden D. Karakozov wenza inzame ku-Alexander II. Ayiphumelelanga, kodwa yayisisizathu sokunyanzeliswa, apho uPetros Lavrov wayelixhoba. Wabanjwa ngeentlawulo "zokusasaza iingcinga eziyingozi" kunye noonxibelelwano noChersheshevsky, uMikhailov kunye noNjingalwazi uP. Pavlov. Emva kwexesha elifutshane lokuvalelwa entolongweni kunye netyala, wathunyelwa ekuthinjweni kwiphondo laseVologda. Wahlala khona ukususela ngo-1867 ukuya ku-1870 waza waqhelana nomntu owayefuduswe ekuthunjweni ePoland A.Ahaplitskaya, owaba ngumfazi wakhe.

"Iincwadi Zembali"

Ekuthunjweni, uPyotr Lavrovich uLavrov wabhala umsebenzi wakhe ohloniphekileyo wezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko, ebhekiswe kwi-Russian intelligentsia.

"Iincwadi Zakhe Zembali" zinezibheno kulutsha ukuba zivuke, kwaye, ukuqonda imisebenzi yembali yembali, kunye neemfuno zabantu abaqhelekileyo, kumnceda ukuba aqaphele amandla akhe. Ukubonakala kwalo msebenzi kwakungaphezulu kwexesha elifanelekileyo, njengoko iinguqu zengqondo eziphendulelayo zifuna amathuba amatsha okusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yawo. "Iileta zomlando" zikaLavrov zaba "yindudumo" kunye nenye yezinto ezikhuthaza ukulungiselela imisebenzi eyenziwa yintelligentsia.

I-Biography (Peter Lavrov) emva kwe-1870

Emva kokubuya ekuthinjweni, ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuphumelela ukuhamba kwelizwe ngokungemthetho kwaye uye eParis. Apho wadibana nabameleli beentshukumo zabasebenzi baseNtshona Koloni baze bajoyina i-First International. Ngethuba lokuhlala kweCommunity yaseParis waya eLondon ukulungiselela uncedo kumaqabane angqonge.

Ngethuba lokuhlala kwakhe kwindlunkulu yaseBrithani, uLavrov wadibana noMarx no-Engels.

Ngowe-1873-1877, uguquko lwaba ngumhleli wephephancwadi leVperyod kunye nephephandaba elifanayo elibizwa nge-2-iveki-umlomo we-Russian Narodism direction, obizwa ngokuba yi "laurelism". Emva kokubulawa kukaAlexander II, uPyotr Lavrovich waba kufuphi neNarodnaya Volya. Waye wavuma ukuhlela "iBulglet of Narodnaya Volya" kunye noL. Tikhomirov.

Ngelo xesha, igunya lakhe lamanye amazwe lakhula. Kunelungelo lokuthi ngoJulayi 1889 amalungu eArmenian Hnchak party, iqela lokuqala lezentlalo kunye namasebe kwimimandla yasePersia kunye nooMbuso wase-Ottoman, egunyazisiweyo uPeter Lavrov ukuba amele kwiCongress of Second International.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi

Kuze iintsuku zakhe zokugqibela, uPeter Lavrov aqhubeke egcina izibophelelo kunye nentlangano. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kobomi bakhe wayenomdla kakhulu kwimibandela enxulumene nembali yefilosofi. Njengomphumo wophando lwakhe lwezesayensi, imisebenzi emininzi yayibhaliwe, kubandakanywa i-monograph "Imisebenzi Yokuqonda Imbali."

UPeter Lavrov, eneengcamango eziphambili eziyinkolelo yenkohlakalo yaseNarodnaya Volya, wafa eParis ngo-1900, eneminyaka engama-72 ubudala, wangcwatshwa emangcwabeni eMontparnasse.

Emva kwakhe, washiya ifa elikhulu lokubhala, kubandakanya imisebenzi ye-825 kunye nee-711. Ungumlobi weengqungquthela eziliqela zezopolitiko, apho "ukusebenza kweMarseillaise", eqala ngamazwi athi "Masiyeke ihlabathi elidala ...", apho umculo wabhalwa emva koko, wawuthandwa kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 le ngoma yinto enye edlalwa rhoqo ngexesha lokuxabana, ukubetha, kunye neendibano zabaguquleli, kunye neminyaka yokuqala yolawulo lwamaSoviet kunye namagosa aseburhulumenteni.

Umbono wefilosofi

Kwizenzululwazi ezisemthethweni, kuyinto yesiko ukuthumela uLavrov ukuya kwi-eclecticism. Kwaye oku kulungelelaniswa ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni kwifilosofi yakhe ye-positivistically agnostic wazama ukuhlanganisana neenkqubo zeHegel, F. Lange, Feuerbach, Comte, Proudhon, Spencer, Chernyshevsky, Bakunin kunye noMarx.

Ngokombono wakhe, imbali yenza abantu abancinci nabafundi ngokuzikhethela, ngoko ke umsebenzi wokuqala wokuguqula iinjongo zokuziphatha.

Ngama-1870, uLavrov wayenabalandeli abanamandla, i-group of towerers. Ukongezelela, waba ngumkhokeli owaziwayo wephiko elifanelekileyo labaguqukeli bobukhosi baseRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, le meko ayizange ihlale ixesha elide, kwaye kungekudala abaxhasayo abaninzi beengcinga zakhe bajika kwi-Bakuninism. Nangona kunjalo, i-Lavrism yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni amalungu kwikamva lokuqala leNtlalo yeDemokhrasi.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba ngubani uP. Lavrov. Ukuba ngumnye wabameli abambalwa abahloniphekileyo, abazama ukunyanzela ukuphucula imeko yabasebenzi kunye nabalimi, uPeter Lavrovich akazange alityalwe yiLizwe Lokuqala kwilizwe labasebenzi kunye nabalimi. Ngokukodwa, ngokuhlonipha kwakhe kwabizwa ngokuba yiFurshtatskaya Street yaseLeningrad. Ngombulelo, abaninzi abaPetrograders namhlanje bayazi iIthala kaPetros Lavrov, apho kuqhutyelwa khona imikhosi yomtshato. Kwaye oku kufaneka, kuba isazi sefilosofi esaziwayo sanikela ngempumelelo ngemali ngenxa yokutshata nomfazi wakhe oyintanda, waza wahlala neminyaka engamashumi amathathu evuyayo.