Bangobani abaSarmatiya kwaye benzani?

I-Sarmatians liqela leentetho zakwa-Iranian ezizulazula kwii-steppes ze-Ukraine, iRashiya ne-Kazakhstan kwixesha elidala. Aba bantu babonakala kwikhulu le-VI BC. E., kunye ne-IV leminyaka BC. E. Cishe yanyamalala kwindawo yembali emva kokuhlasela kwamaHuns. Wahlula ngamaqela amaninzi: iilwimi, iiAlans kunye namaRoksolans.

Iziqinisekiso zeSarmatians

Uninzi lwazo zonke iinkcukacha ezibhaliweyo malunga neSarmatians zilondolozwe kwincwadi yesine ye "History", ebhalwe nguGrisi Herodotus. Ngaloo nto wachaza ilizwe kwiScythia, elisemntla woLwandle oluMnyama, apho iiGenesen zazinamakholeji aqhelekileyo, kuquka u-Olvia. UHerodotus, echaza ukuba ngubani oSarmatians, wasebenzisa igama elithi "Sauromats". Kwi "Imbali" kuthiwa bahlala emva kweTanais (oko kukuthi, iDon) kumanxweme oLwandle lwaseAzov.

Abaphandi abaphinda bazama ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ngubani abaSarmatiya kwaye bavela phi la ma-nomads. Namhlanje, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ikhaya lezindlu zabase-steppe beZixeko eziMzantsi. Ukwandiswa kwazo kwaqala kwisiqingatha sesibini se-2 leminyaka BC. E. Isizathu salo kwaba ukuvela kolutsha olutsha lwabaqhawe - abaphengululi. Emva kokuqonda ukuthungulwa, abahlali baqala ukuba yintlekele ebantwini babo.

Abantu abangenasiphelo

I-Steppe folk yayilwa rhoqo. Isizathu senkxwabo, njengombandela, yindlala okanye umzabalazo wamadlelo amatsha. Inyiyo yemfazwe engapheli ichaza ukuba ngubani aba baseSarmatiya. Abantu, abazalelwe kwi-steppes yase-Ural, bathuthukela kwintshonalanga phantsi koxinzelelo lwabangamelwane baseAsia. Kwindawo entsha ye-nomads kwakukho ininzi kwaye ikhululekile kummandla wokhuphiswano.

AmaMasters of immigrants aphindaphinda indlela enjalo ye-Eurasian iminyaka emininzi. Bangobani abaSarmatians? Ngamafutshane, oku kungomnye umtsalane wokufuduka. Ingozi yabo yayifana neyabo baqala ngaphambili kunye nabalambileyo. Ngethuba lexesha, abaxumi babantu balahleka kwiindawo ezihlala kunye nabemi kwaye balahlekelwa yiyo. Yingakho namhlanje amaSarmati enye yembali yembali yamandulo, apho kuphela ulwazi oluneenkcukacha kunye nezinto ezikhengelwayo zisinda kwixesha lethu.

Izixhobo zobuhlanga

Umfanekiso wabemi basekuhlaleni uyaziwa kuthi ngeendlela ezininzi ngenxa yolwazi lwe-ethnographic. Ngubani na amaSarmati kunye naboyise? Bavela kwanye abantu base-Indo-European. Kancinci, iqela elithetha isi-Iranian lavela kule ndawo, kwaye ngaphakathi kwalo kwakhiwa isebe elisenyakatho yeScythian. Kwaye kwakunguSarmatians. Ngokusekelwe apha ngasentla, umntu unokuchaza indawo ebekwe ngabantu baseSarmatiya kwimephu ye-Eurasia. Izihlobo zabo eziseduze zazingamaSkitiya. Abanye abamelwane base-Indo-Yurophu be-nomads babengamaCimmerians.

AmaSarmati ayikaze athile isizwe esisodwa. Baye bahlula kwiintlanga ezininzi. Amagama abo ayaziwa ngenxa yemithombo yamandulo, xa amagama abo abemi bephefumula bebathuthuzela kunye nokuxhalabisa kwabamelwane abanokuthula. AbakwaSarmati babengenalo ulwimi olubhaliweyo, ngoko ke iimbali-mlando abanalo ubungqina obucacileyo, kodwa bayaqiniseka ukuba isizwe ngasinye sinalo ulwimi.

Uphando lwenzululwazi luncedo ngexesha layo lokufumanisa ikusasa labantu. Ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kweelwimi ezahlukileyo, kwakunokwenzeka ukufumana ukuba ngubani oSarmatians kunye nabantwana babo. Ngoku malunga nama-Ossetian anamhlanje. Aba bantu bevela kwiqela lamaSarmatiya abakwazi ukugcina ubuni babo ngokufudukela eCaucasus. Inkcubeko yabo yasinda kwaye yaguqukela ngexesha elinye iindidi ezinxulumene nazo ezahlala kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zatshatyalaliswa okanye zachithwa phakathi kwabamelwane babo. Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kule ninzi yeSarmatians kwenzelwe kwi-IV leminyaka yi-Huns. Amashishini aseMpumalanga amatsha afika eYurophu kwaye awaphelanga kuphela i-steppe evela ebusweni bomhlaba, kodwa wabuya wathintela kakhulu ubukumkani baseRoma, ekugqibeleni wawa.

Yazigi

Izizwe zaseSarmatian zasentshonalanga zaziziilwimi. Bahlala kwiindawo eziphantsi kweDnieper, apho kwakufuneka bahambe ukusuka kwintshona yoLwandle oluLwandle oluMnyama emva kokubonakala kwamaRoksolans apho. Abanye abamelwane beelwimi babezizwe ngezizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka i-Dniester tyragates. Baye banqamla kwiinkcubeko zaseLatini ze-bastards. Ezinye zeelwimi ngexesha lokufuduka kwazo zafikelela kwi-delta yeDanube. Apho, abaSarmatiya bangena kunye noPontus, owathetha isigidimi iMithridates Evpatras, waqala ukulwa neRoma. Ekuphenduleni, iinqununu kwiminyaka engama-78-76. BC. E. Walungiselela uluhlu lwezihlandlo zokugweba ukuya kumazwe angasenyakatho yeDanube, apho abahlali bahlala khona.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-BC. E. Ukufika kwayo kwafika ebukumkanini baseDacian, eRomania yamanje. Kwakunjalo, kunye namaRoma, awayebambelela ukwandiswa kweelwimi. Ukuba banamelwane amaninzi, abaSarmatians ba gqi belisa ukuhamba kwabo kwintshona-ntshona.

Roksolany

Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe ngasentla, iRoksolans yahlasela izithende zeelwimi, ngaloo ndlela yabanyanzelisa ukuba bahambe entshonalanga. Kwakuyinye isizwe sakwaSarmatian esasihlala ngasenyakatho yeTanais (Don). Emva kokungenelelana namaSkitiya aseCrimea, yancinci yonke inxweme yaseNyakatho yoLwandle oluMnyama. Umlawuli weRoksolans wayengomnye wabamkani abakwaSarmati abaziwayo abafa. Wabiwa udumo ngenxa yokuba waqalisa ukunqoba amaSkitiya aseCrimea, awayekade ahlala nawo ubudlelwano bobudlelwane nabo baseSarmati. Ukukhetha iintshaba ezitsha, amaGatal asekela abemi baseGrike baseKherson. Esi sikhulu sabandezeleka kakhulu kumaSkitiya kwaye safuna ukukhuselwa kumaSarmati. Igama iGatala likhankanywe kwincwadi yesiGrike ye-179 BC. E., apho avumile ukuba ngumgcini wesivumelwano phakathi kwePont noKherson.

Inzululwazi yanamhlanje iyazi igama lomnye ukumkani wama-rockolans. Inkokheli yeTaziy (Tasia) yalawula malunga ne-110 BC. E., xa amaSarmatiya ashintshe umgaqo-nkqubo wawo, ekugqibeleni ukusebenzisana namaSkitiya ngokumelene nobukumkani beBosporus. Umkhosi ophantsi komyalelo wombutho uDifant waphawula amaninzi. Ngaloo mfazwe kwimibhalo yakhe yabika udumi-mlando odumileyo uStrabo.

Phakathi kwinqanaba le-BC. E. Ukuhlaziywa kweRoksolans kwaqala, kuququzelelwe ukuhla kwe-bastards. Bafudukela kwii-steppes ukuya entshonalanga ye-Dnieper, kwakhona baphonsa iilwimi ezidibeneyo ezivela kumazwe abo. Kwaye, i-fatefolk kwafuneka ibuyele phantsi kwe-Aorses ne-Alans. Ngenxa yoko, aba baseSarmatiya bahlala kwiindawo zokuhamba phakathi kweDanube Delta kunye neDnieper. Amanye amabutho afikelela kwiintaba zaseCarpathian. Amanye amaRoksolans ajika eningizimu, ayeka eWallachia. Lapha, umda wobukumkani baseRoma waba ngumda ongenakunqandeka wezoninzi. Ngaphantsi kweengcinezelo zeli qela leSarmatians kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo, ama-dacians asuswe. Kwimbali yamaRoma ibhekiswa kwimeko xa ama-62 amawaka emikhosi asempumalanga angena kwiPhondo laseMesia. Ezi zinyana, zafuduswa yiRoksolans, zagqitywa zifumane imvume yokuzinza kwiindawo zamaRoma. Sarmatians, ngelixa bengenako ukuthabatha amaphondo aseRoma, kodwa babehlala bephazamise ngokutshabalalisa kwabo.

Uqoqosho kunye nendlela yokuphila

Kukulungele ukugweba ukuba ngubani uSarmatians ngokujonga epulazini labo. Aba bantu babehlala kwii-steppes, ngoko ke, bekhokelela indlela yokuphila. Isiseko soqoqosho lwe-Sarmatian kwakunokuzaliswa kwemfuyo. Izolimo nazo zikhoyo, kodwa ngezinga elincinci kwaye ikakhulukazi ekufutshane nemilambo emikhulu.

AmaCimmerians, amaSkitiya, amaSarmatians - bonke aba bantu ngendlela yabo yobomi babefana. Endaweni yezindlu babe neentente kunye neenqwelo. Ukutya kwakuquka inyama kunye nobisi, okwenziwe ngamhlambi amakhulu. Isitya esidumile sasinenyama yehashe. Imizila yokufuduka kwexesha yinye ingcambu, ebonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ngubani uSarmatians. Imbali ye-steppes yase-Ukraine, iRussia neKazakhstan idibaniswe nala bantu ngeempawu ezininzi zezinto zakudala. Ehlotyeni, amaSarmati ahlala kwiindawo ezisemathafeni, kwaye ebusika baya emanxwemeni oLwandle lwaseAzov. Izambatho zabo eziqhelekileyo zazizibhobho ezinqabileyo zesikhumba, iingubo ezide kwaye zivakale iinqayi.

Zamasiko

Njengawaphi na amaninzi, abantu baseSarmati abazange bacinge ubomi ngaphandle kwamahashe. Ezi zilwanyana zincedwa kuphela kwifama, kodwa zafuneka kwimfazwe. Amadoda afundisa abafana ukuba bagibele iindawo eziphakamileyo ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala. Kuzo zonke, ziphakamisa ulwazi kwaye zihlala zikhulile. Eli qiniso liqinisekiswa kukuba ama-archeologists amaninzi amaninzi afumana izixhobo. Izithethe zempi zabantu base-steppe azitshintshi kangangeenkulungwane.

Abani baseSarmatiya njengamajoni? I-arsenal yabo yayiqulethe isaphetha esifutshane, isaphetha esipheleleyo somphetho, inkemba yesinyithi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-akinak. Okuqhelekanga kusetyenziswe ngokuqhelekileyo, izikhonto kunye neengqimba zokulwa. Kukho ubungqina bembali-mbali zakudala malunga nokuthandwa kwamanqatha kunye ne-sling kunye ne-lasso. Iinqwelo ziquka izixhobo kunye neenqanda zeenkunzi zenkomo kunye neengwetshe.

Ama-Cimmerians, amaSkithe, amaSarmati kunye namanye amazwe asekudala asetyenziswe empini malunga neendlela ezifanayo. Ukuhlaselwa kwaba kukuhlaselwa iqela elikhulu labagadi beehashe, ababetshayayo kwiintshaba ekugqibeleni. Amajoni athile abaneemfuno zaseRoksolans. Iinkemba zabaSarmatiya zazikhulu ngobukhulu. Babengabanjwa kuphela ngezandla ezimbini.

UMbutho

Abadumi beembali-zembali nabadala bezobuchwephesha ababezama ukuchaza ukuba ngubani uSarmatians, baqaphele ukuba aba bantu babengenalo iziko lobukhoboka. Bonke abantu babe nenkululeko. Iinkokeli ze-steppe zanyulwa ngamasoldari adumileyo. Ngenxa yezinto ezihlukeneyo zenzululwazi zanamhlanje, amagama ombalwa kuphela ookumkani abaziwayo.

Amanqanaba asekuhlaleni abantu baseSarmatian, ephakamileyo apho babengabalawuli, akuzange kube njalo. Oku kubonakaliswa yimibhobho efunyanwe yi-archeologists. Amangcwaba yimiba engcono kakhulu yolwazi malunga nokuba ngubani uSarmatians kunye nalapho bahlala khona. Iimvumba zokuqala zeSarmatiya zazingamahlwempu kwaye ziyafana. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kwekhulu lesihlanu BC, E. Kwakukho amatye ahlambulukileyo, apho, kunye nendoda engcwatywe ngegolide kunye nezinye izinto zokunethezeka. Ezi ziphumo zengcali zibonisa ukucwangciswa komgangatho wezentlalo zeSarmatians. Izizathu zokungcwaba ze-aristocracy yezizwe ziyahlukahluka ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba noodade abanobudlova babenabo abakhethiweyo ngaphezu kwexesha.

Abasetyhini kunye nenkolo

Ingakumbi ifuna ukwazi ukuba abalobi bamaGrike baye bashiya ngabafazi baseSarmatian. Ngaloo ndlela, uHerodotus wawafanisa namaAmazons. Abafazi-abatyunjwa bazingela ngehashe baze bahlala kwiimfazwe malunga namadoda. Ukongezelela, kwaziwa ukuba indima ebalulekileyo kuluntu lwaseSarmatian ludlalwe ngoluhlu lwabafundisikazi. Abantu beentlanga babengamahedeni, baqubuda umlilo kunye nelanga. Ekuqaleni kwexesha lethu, iqela elitsha laseZoroastrian lasasazeka phakathi kwabo.

Abantu baseSarmati bakholelwa ekufeni emva kokufa, malunga nokuba babephi na iindawo zokungcwaba. Amanye awakhiwa phantsi kweempembelelo zentlalo kunye nokunqula izilwanyana. Yonke le nkcazelo yezinzulu zanamhlanje malunga nabemi be-steppe iyaqhubeka ixhaswa kwaye iphuculwe njengoko kuvela i-archaeological entsha. Umbuzo obani abaSarmatiya abanjalo kunye nento abayenzayo kwakungavalwa. Iingcali ziqhubeka zifumana iinkcukacha zenkcazelo malunga nabemi base-Kazakhstan, iRashiya ne-Ukraine.

Alans

Ubungakanani bamandla abantu baseSarmatian Abantu base-Alans babhekisela kwixesha elibizwa ngokuba yiSarmatian ngexesha elide emva kweenkulungwane ze-I-IV. Ekuqaleni kwexesha lethu bavela kwimpuma yasempuma kwi-Azov Sea naseCiscaucasia. Ngama-73-74 iminyaka. I-Alans ayiphumelelanga ukuzama ukunqoba i-Parthia kwaye ayihlasela, ekuhambeni kwendlela ende ecaleni laseMpumalanga yeKaspian. Ngo-123, abatyunjwa bahlasele impahla yamaRoma. Ukuhlasela kwabo kwachaphazela amaphondo ase-Asia aseMpuma. Ngeli xesha, umlawuli wamasosha uFlavius Arriane wabetha amaSarmati. Ngo-133, i-toay yaphindwa kwakhona. I-Alans yahlasela ummandla we-Armenia neAzerbaijan namhlanje.

Ukubonakala kweSarmatians emitsha eMpuma Yurophu yaseYurophu kubangelwa ukutshatyalaliswa okulandeleleneyo kweentlanga ezininzi. Abantu base-Iranian babuya kwi-steppes yaseAsia, bezitholela endleleni ye-Huns eyingozi. Ngenkulungwane ye-IV ngenxa yabo kwakukho ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi, abangathinteli kuphela iAlans, kodwa kunye nezinye iintlanga ezininzi, kubandakanywa iqela laseJamani.

Emva kokuqala kwe-Huns, ininzi yama-Alans yachithwa phakathi kwabo kunye nezinye iItrik (iKhazars, iVolga Bulgarians, i-Utigurs). Amanye amaqela ala maSarmati aphelileyo afudukela eCaucasus. Inzala yabo yanamhlanje i-Ossetians, ulwimi lwabo lwaluhlala ngolwimi lokugqibela, ngandlela-thile idibene neqela laseSarmatian elisasazeka ngaphambili.

Abanye baseAlans bahlala kwiindawo ezinzima ukufikelela kwiCentral Caucasus, apho ngaphambili ababameli beKoban beenkcubeko ze- Iron Age bahlala khona. Ngekhulu le-6 baqhubeka besinda kwi-Altai Turks naseAvar. Ekubeni ukususela ngonyaka wama-650 ii-Alans zixhomekeke kwi- Khazar Khaganate. Igama labo labizwa ngokuba ngummandla omkhulu phakathi kweDagestan kunye neKuban. U-Alan umbhinqa kunye nomninindlu olawulayo waseGeorgia. Amazwe aseSarmat eCaucasus ayekho iminyaka emininzi. Imbali ye-Alans yaphela emva kokuhlasela kweTatar-Mongol kwi-XIII leminyaka. Ukususela ngoko, igama labo alitholakali kwiimbali eziphakathi.