Ii-USSR iimfazwe zeSizwe seMfazwe yesiBini (isithombe)

Iinqanawa ezinqamlekileyo zixhobo zokulwa neenqwelo zokulwa zineenqwelo ezinkulu kunye neengalo ezifanelekileyo. Iinqwelo zokulwa zase-USSR zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimfazwe ezahlukeneyo, njengoko zikwazi ukuhlangabezana nokutshabalalisa intshaba ekulwa nemikhosi yamanxweme ngokulwa nezinto eziselunxwemeni.

Izixhobo

Iinqwelo zokulwa zixhobo zokhuselo ezikhuselekileyo. Ngexesha lokuqala kweMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic, kwakukho ezininzi kwi-arsenal yelizwe. Iinqwelo zokulwa zase-USSR zazisezixhobo eziphakamileyo ezifana nezibhamu ezahlukeneyo, ezazihlala zihlaziywa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izixhobo zazibandakanya izixhobo eziphambili zomshini, iip torpedo tubes. Ezi nqanawa zanikela ngokukhusela iLeningrad, iSevastopol kunye nezinye iidolophu zonxweme.

Iklasi elithi "Sevastopol"

Iinqwelo zokulwa zale nqanaba zinomzimba owenziwe ngamehlo, apho umbhobho webhobhobhodi kunye ne-ice breaking breaking of the ice. Ngomlinganiselo omncinci wendawo, ukufuduka kwekhephe kwakuyi-23,000 toni, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwafikelela malunga neetoni ezingama-26,000. Ilahlebe yayisetyenziswe njengombane, kwaye ukuba imfuneko yokusebenza ngokukhawuleza yafuneka, ke ioli. Le mibhobho ye-Soviet Navy yayixhotywe ngeyunithi yamandla engama-42,000 ilitha. . Kwijubane lama-23 amaqhina kunye nodidi lokuhamba ngee-4,000.

Njengesixhobo, iinqwelo zokulwa zixhotywe ngezibhamu, ezahluke ngokukodwa kwaye zahluke ngomlinganiselo wezobuchwepheshe we-1.8 shots ngomzuzu. Izibhamu ezili-120 ze-120 mm zazisetyenziselwa njenge-antimine isikhali, isantya somlilo sasisi-7 ngeenxa zonke ngeminithi, kwaye zonke izibhamu zazifumaneka kwindawo ephakathi. Ukufakwa kwezixhobo zokukhokela kubakhokelela ekusebenziseni ukuqhuma okuphantsi, okuhlanganisana nobunxweme obuncinane bokulwa kwezilwandle kwenza kube nzima ukulawula kwabo.

Le mibhobho ye-USSR yaphuculwa phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, eyayichaphazela ukuphuculwa kwesigxina somkhumbi: babe ne-tank superstructure edibeneyo kunye ne-hull, kwaye ivaliwe ngomgangatho onamandla. Olu tshintsho luchukumise ekupheleni kwempumlo, izityalo zamandla kunye nezimo zokuphila eziphuculweyo zeqela.

"ICommunity Commune"

Le nqwelo yezemfazwe yayisandululweyo yakutshanje. Ekuhambeni kokugqibelela, ukufuduka kwayo kwanda kakhulu, ukuveliswa kweenjini kwaphakama kwaza kwaba ngama-61 000 hp, loo nqanawa yavelisa ijubane elikhulu lama-23.5 amaqhina. Ingqwalasela eninzi yahlawulwa kwi-modern anti-aircraft izixhobo ngexesha langoku: ii-anti-aircraft izibhamu eziyi-76 mm, izibhamu ezili-16 kunye nezixhobo zombhobho ezi- 14 zavela kwimpumlo nangasemva. Le mibutho ye-USSR yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayisetyenziselwa ukukhusela iSevastopol. Ngexesha lonke leentlanga ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic, ixhoba lezemfazwe lithathe inxaxheba kwimikhankaso yezempi ezili-15, lenze i-artillery 10 umlilo, yahlaselwa ngaphezu kwe-20 yintlanzi yintshaba kwaye yadubula ezintathu iindiza zeentshaba.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, loo nqanawa yavikela iSastopol kunye neCherch Strait. Imfazwe yokuqala yenzeke ngoNovemba 8, 1941, kwaye kuphela ngexesha lokuqala lokulwa labhujiswa inani elikhulu lamathangi, izibhamu, izithuthi zomkhosi ezithwala impahla ethile.

"U kuhamba"

Ezi nqanawa zase-USSR zikhusele iindlela zeLeningrad, ezikhokela ukukhusela kweso sixeko ngeentsuku ezili-8. Ngethuba lokuhlaselwa kweentshaba, amabhomu amabini ahlawula iinqanawa, ezitshabalalisa inxalenye yeso nqanawa kwaye yakhokelela ekukhunjweni kwamagumbi e-shell. Ngenxa yesiganeko esibuhlungu, amalungu angama-326 abulawe. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, iinqanawa zabuyiselwa kwiindawo ezizikhethela, inxalenye engama-aft, eyayiqhawulayo, yavela. AmaJamani amaxesha amade azama ukutshabalalisa iinqwelo zokulwa, ezazisetyenziswa yimpi yethu njengenqaba.

Nangona kunjalo, emva kwexesha elithile ixhoba liye lalungiswa kwaye libuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa le nto yamvumela ukuba amelane nomlilo weentshaba: emva kokubuyiselwa kwekhephe, iinqwelo, iibhetri kunye nabasebenzi bezitha zatshatyalaliswa. Ngomnyaka we-1943, le nqanawa yase-USSR yaqanjwa ngokuthi yiPetropavlovsk, kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-7, yahluthwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye yathunyelwa kwisiko loqeqesho.

Ngowe-Oktobha Revolution

Le nto yokulwa yayisekelwe eTallinn, kodwa ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yadluliselwa eKronstadt, kungekudala amaJamani aqala ukusondela kuloo mzi. "I-Revolution ye-Oktobha" yaba yinto ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela i sixeko, njengoko yonke imizamo yombutho waseJamani ukucima ibhotile ayiphumelelanga. Ngebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe, le nqanawa enkulu ye-USSR yabonakala iyintshaba ethembekileyo emanzini.

Ukusuka kwi "Gangut" ukuya kwi "Revolution"

Igama lokuqala lebhola le-Gangut. Kwakungaphantsi kweli gama ukuba inqanawa ithathe inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala: phantsi koqweqwe lwayo, kuye kwafakwa imigodi, ekungekho enye i-cruiser eyodwa yaseJamani eyayikhupha. Nangemva kokuba iinqanawa zinikwe igama elitsha, wenza ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, kwaye yonke imizamo yamaJamani ukuba ikwazi ukujamelana nayo yayibethe. Iimfazwe ze-USSR kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili yayinokwethenjelwa: ngoko ke, i-Revolution ye-Oktobha yayingaphantsi kweentlobo zomoya kunye nokuhlaselwa kweengqungquthela, kwaye kusenjalo. Le nqanawa yodwa, ngexesha lemfazwe, yavelisa malunga nama-shell e-1500, yahlaselwa iindiza ezininzi zomoya, yadutshulwa phantsi kweenqwelo-moya ezili-13 kwaye yabonakalisa nenani elikhulu.

Iinjongo eziphambili zeGangut (Oktobha Revolution)

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iinqanawa ezinomkhosi wempi yethu ayizange ibe yinye ngexesha leemfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini - yokuqala kunye nesibini-edibeneyo empini ngokuchanileyo kunye neenqwelo zokulwa. Imfazwe yodwa yenziwa nguSevastopol emva kweMfazwe yombango, xa iinqanawa zazigubungela umonakalisi wase-Azard waza wanyelisa ukuhlaselwa kwabaninzi ababhubhisi baseBrithani abasixhenxe.

Ngokubanzi, i-Gangut yavakashela iiprojekthi ezintathu zempi ukuya eBaltic, apho zanikela ngemveliso yam, ke yanikwa igama elitsha kwinkonzo ye-Red Army yaye yafakwa kwiiNqaba zolwandle zaseBaltic. I-battleship nayo yathatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe yaseSoviet-yaseFinnish njengenkxaso yomlilo kwimikhosi yomhlaba. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokhuselo lwaba yi-Leningrad.

Ngomhla ka-1941, ngoSeptemba 27, ibhokhwe ye-500 kg yahlawula iinqanawa, ezaqhekeza iinqwelo, zahlutha inqaba.

Arkhangelsk

Hayizo zonke iinqwelo zokulwa zase-USSR ngexesha leMfazwe yeSizwe yeBili yePhondo kwakuqala kwi-arsenal yelizwe lethu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-Arkhangelsk yemfazwe yayiyinxalenye yokuqala ye-navy yaseBrithani, ngoko yatshintshwa kwiSoviet Union. Kuyaphawuleka, kodwa le nqanawa yaguqulwa e-US, ixhotyiswe kwiinkqubo ze-radar zanamhlanje kuzo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo. Yingakho "iArkhangelsk" yaziwa ngokuba yi-HMS Royal Royal.

Kwiminyaka emininzi, iinqwelo zokulwa zihlaziywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye zinzulu. Kwaye ezo zitshintsho zichaphazeleka kakhulu kwizixhobo ezongezelelweyo ngezixhobo. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, le nqwelo yokulwa yayisesekho, kodwa nangona kunjalo, kwakungenjalo kubandakanywa kwiinqanawa zelizwe. Kodwa inxaxheba yakhe yayingekho njengobungqina bezinye iimfazwe: I-Arkhangelsk yayidla ngokuhlala emanxwemeni eKola Bay, apho yanikezela ukuhlaselwa ngumkhosi wamaSoviet kunye nokuphazamisa ukufuduka kwamaJamani. NgoJanuwari 1949 le nqanawa yanikelwa e-UK.

Iiprojekthi zokulwa kwe-USSR

Iinqwelo zokulwa ze-USSR, ezenziwe ngeenjini ezahlukeneyo, zisoloko zibhekwa njengezona zithembekileyo kwihlabathi. Ngoko, unjineli uBurnov wacebisa iphrojekthi ephezulu, ekhangele inkcazo, iinkcukacha zezixhobo, izixhobo zokukhawuleza, isivinini esikhulu kunye nenqanaba elaneleyo lokubhuka. Uyilo lwaqala ngowe-1914, kwaye umsebenzi ophezulu weenjineli kwakufuneka ubeke iinqaba ezine ezine-turret kwisakhiwo esincinci, esasingenayo izixhobo ezinjalo. Kwavela ukuba iinqanawa kule meko zahlala zingenakho ukukhuselwa okukhuselekileyo okukhuseleka kwe-torpedo. Iindlela eziphambili zokwakha kule nqanawa zi:

• Ibhanti eyinqaba yokulwa, eyongezwe kwi-2/3 yobude be nqanawa;
• Ukubhuka okulinganayo kumazinga amane;
• Ukugcinwa kweSetyhula yeenqaba;
• 12 izibhamu kwimibhobho kunye ne-24 izixhobo zokulwa nomnxeba, ezafumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlaselwa.

Iingcali zathi le nqanawa yinqanaba elinamandla lokulwa, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe angaphandle, wakwazi ukuphuhlisa isantya sama-knots ama-25. Enyanisweni, ukugcinwa kwakungekho okwaneleyo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala, kwaye ukuhlaziywa kweenqanawa kwakungacwangciswanga ...

Umyili wezakhiwo uKostenko

Iimfazwe ezigqibeleleyo zaseRashiya kunye ne-USSR zazigcinwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo yimikhosi yaseSoviet. Enye yeentuthuko kwakukho umkhombe uKostenko, obhekwa njengongokugqibela. Iimpawu zayo ezahlukileyo ziquka iimpawu ezifanelekileyo ezixhobo, isantya esiphezulu kunye nokubhuka kwekhwalithi. Le projekthi isekelwe kwi-Anglo-German namava e-Battle of Jutland, ngoko ingunjineli wayenqabile ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamatye. Kwaye kugxininiswa ekuqheleni ukukhusela ukukhuselwa kunye nokuhamba.

Le nqanawa yaveliswa kakade kwiinguqu ezine, kwaye ukukhawuleza kwakuyindlela yokuqala. Njengokuba kwinguqulelo yeBubnov, iinqwelo zokulwa ziphethe ibhanti enkulu yokulwa, eyayixhaswa yi-bulkhead yamacwecwe amabini. Ukubhuka okungaqhelekanga kwathintela amanani amaninzi, okwangoku asebenza njengezixhobo zokulwa. Ukugcinwa kwenzelwe kwinqaba, kwi-cabin, kwinqanaba lomkhumbi, ngaphandle koko, unjineli wathatha isimo sengqondo esilumkele ukukhuseleka kwe-anti-torpedo, eyayihamba phambili kwiinqwelo zokulwa njengento elula ye-bulkhead.

Njengeengalo, unjineli waphakamisa ukusebenzisa izibhamu ezingama-406mm kunye nezibhamu ezingama-130mm. Iyokuqala yayisemibhoshongweni, eyanikela uluhlu oluhle lomlilo. Iiprojekthi zale nqanawa, njengoko sele zikhankanywe ngaphambili, zahluke, ezachaphazela inani lezibhamu.

Iprojekthi yenjineli uGavrilov

UGavrilov ucebise ukwakha iinqwelo ezinamandla ezibizwa ngokuba yi-terminal ye-USSR. Isithomo sibonisa ukuba ezinjalo iimodeli zincinci ngobukhulu, kodwa iimpawu zobugcisa kunye nezokusebenza zazisebenza kakuhle. Ngokomxholo jikelele, iinqwelo zokulwa ziyinqanawa ephezulu, impawu zobugcisa ezazisecaleni lezinga elifikelelekayo. Le projekthi yaqwalasela kuphela iiparitha zezixhobo ezinamandla kakhulu:

• Izibhamu ezili-16 ze-406 mm eziphambili kwiinqaba ezine;
• Iimonon ezingama-152 mm zam zamabhomu kwiindawo zokuhlaselwa.

Izixhobo ezinjalo zihambelana ngokupheleleyo nombono wokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseRashiya, xa kuqatshelwa ukudibanisa ngokumangalisayo kwinqanaba elinamandla lokugqithisa iinqwelo zezixhobo ngokukhawuleza kwintlawulo. Ngendlela, akuzange kube yimpumelelo kwiindawo ezininzi zokulwa. Kodwa inkqubo yokuqhutyelwa kweenqanawa yayiyinye yezona zinto zinamandla kakhulu, ekubeni ukusebenza kwayo kusekelwe kwi-turbine-transformers.

Izixhobo zezixhobo

Iinqwelo zokulwa ze-USSR ngexesha leMfazwe yeSizwe yeSizwe (isithombe siqinisekisa ubungqina babo), ngokutsho kweeprojekthi zeGavrilov, zinezixhobo ezigqibeleleyo ngelo xesha. Njengabanjineli bexesha elidlulileyo, waqaphela ukubhuka, kwaye ubungakanani bendawo yokubhuka bukhulu kakhulu. Kodwa iingcali zithi nangona zixhobo ezinamandla, isivinini esikhulu kunye nobukhulu obukhulu, le nqanawa iya kuba yintlekele xa idibana nentshaba.

Iziphumo

Njengoko iingcali ziphawula, iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili ibe yinqanaba elichanekileyo lokujonga imeko ye-USSR zokulwa. Njengoko kwavela, i-fleet line yayingeyilungele amandla okubhubhisa kunye negunya lamabhomu e-athomu kunye nezixhobo ezikhokele ngokuchanekileyo. Yingakho sele sele sele isondele ekupheleni kwemfazwe, iinqwelo zokulwa ziyeke ukubhekwa njengamandla amakhulu okulwa, kwaye ukuphuhliswa kwe-aircraft-based-aircraft isele ihoywa. UStalin wayala ukupheliswa kweenqwelo zokulwa ezivela kwiiplani zokwakha iinqanawa zempi, kuba bezingakhange zihlangabezane neemfuno zamaxesha.

Ngenxa yoko, iinqanawa ezifana ne-Oktobha Revolution kunye neCommunity Commune zaxoshwa kwi-fleet, ezinye iimodeli zaxothwa kwi-reserve. Emva koko uKhrushchev washiya kwi-arsenal yelizwe ngokuqinisekileyo iinqanawa ezinzima ezikhuselekileyo, ezibhekiselele ekusebenziseni ukulwa. Kwaye ngo-Oktobha 29, 1955, i-squadron yaseNew Sea yaseLwandle yaseNtshonalanga yawa e-Northern Bay yaseSevastopol, ibhokhwe yokugqibela yase-USSR "iNovorossiysk". Emva kwesi siganeko, ilizwe lethu lafuduka kwimbono yokuba neenqwelo zokulwa.