Magdeburg Law

Imbali yaseBelarus, inani elingaphaya kwewaka leminyaka, liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeSlavic, yaseYurophu. Ukuba yingxenye ye-princedom enkulu yeLithuania, ilizwe likwazi ukuphumelela kweenkcubeko zaseNtshona. Kwintsimi yaseBelarus, imigangatho yezopolitiko kunye nobomi bezomthetho eYurophu. Ngokukodwa, ukubaluleka kokuhlelwa koorhulumente basekhaya.

KwiMinyaka Ephakathi kwimimandla emikhulu, abantu babemizizwe ngezizwe. Oku, okunjalo, kwanegalelo ekuphuhliseni ubudlelwane bezithethe. Ngekhulu le-13 nele-14, abaninzi abantu basemzini, ngakumbi iJamani, bahlala kwiidolophu zaseBelarus. Ngoko, umzekelo, kwiPolotsk kwakukho umbane weHanseatic. E-Grodno naseBrest kwakukho abarhwebi abaninzi kunye nabachwephezi baseJamani. AmaJamani, ekwakheni umphakathi wamahhala, asebenzisa umthetho wabo waseMagdeburg. Kwabanika inzuzo ngakumbi kunabanye abantu basezidolophini.

Ukunceda iindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu ziphuhliswe kwizorhwebo kunye nezobugcisa, kwaye nokutsala abahlali abatsha, umthetho waseMagdeburg waqalisa ukusasazeka kuzo zonke iinkosana ezinkulu zokuhlala. Ngokumalunga nala ma-philistines athanda imithetho emitsha. Umthetho wesiXeko ukhululekile ekulawuleni nasekhotho yolawulo lwe-Grand Duke okanye kumnini-mhlaba.

Umzi wokuqala wokufumana idiploma nguVilna (ngo-1387). Emva komthetho waseMagdeburg wawukhuselekile eGrodno naseBrest. Ngekhulu le-15, imizi yaseBelarus, njengeMinsk, Polotsk, neSlutsk, yayifumane iincwadi zokuncoma.

Amazwe asempuma afumana umthetho waseMagdeburg kamva kunentshona. Izazi-mlando zibonisa ukuba le nkqubo yinkqubo ye-volost ephakamileyo kunye neenkqubo ze-veche kwimimandla ye-Pridvini ne-Dnieper. Apha, amaziko asekudala, ikakhulukazi i-Vitebsk, i-Polotsk kunye ne-Smolensk, agcinwe axhulumana ne-volosts ixesha elide.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, iindawo zasemadolophini kunye neenkqubo zokuhlambalaza empumalanga yeBelarus zaqala ukutshatyalaliswa. Ngoko, ePolotsk iinkwenkwe zaqala ukungafuni imisebenzi. Umzabalazo woluntu uqale. Kule meko, abaphathi beendawo zokuhlala ezinkulu bafuna ukufumana isatifikethi se-self-government.

Umthetho waseJamani wamukelwa apho uphando lwentlalo lukunomdla kulo.

Emva kokufumana izatifikethi, iindawo zokuhlala zaqala ukuqala phantsi kweemeko ezintsha. Nangona kunjalo, enyanisweni, akukho bani uqinisekisile ukuba abadala kunye nee-voivodes aziyi kuphazamisa ebomini bomuzi.

Idiploma zavumela i-bourgeois encinci ukuba ibandakanye ukurhweba ngokukhululekile kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha, baxolelwa kwiirhafu zamasiko. Ukongezelela, ekukhutshweni kwabo kwintsimi ebalulekileyo ihanjiswe malunga nokuhlala. Kwakhona banikwa ilungelo lokungena kumahlathi abucala kunye namanzi ukulungiselela imithi, ukutya, ukuloba, ukuzingela. Ngokwelungelo leMagdeburg (uMthetho), bavunyelwe ukuqokelela inzuzo kwiivenkile, ezitolo, ukwakha izakhiwo zikawonkewonke, kunye nakwezinye iimeko.

Kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu, ezisezindleleni ezibalulekileyo zorhwebo, kwakhiwe izindwendwe zabathengisi bangaphandle.

Ngelo xesha, iimbopheleleko zezixeko zokufunda nokubhala nokufunda nokubhala azizange zikhulu kakhulu. Iiphilistines kwakufuneka ihlawule irhafu kwi-treasury yeburhulumenteni, kuquka i-Ordynschina kunye nesilivere (iindleko zakwa-jolisa) xa zithe zafakwa kwilizwe. Ngaloo ndlela, abahlali bezidolophu ezinkulu, abanomthetho waseMagdeburg, babonwa njengoluhlu olukhethekileyo kwiBelarus ephakathi.

Izatifikethi zisuswe ngokupheleleyo kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nokuxhomekeka komthetho kwiGrand Duke.

Ukususela kwindawo yokujonga yomthetho, umthetho waseJamani wachaza ngokucacileyo idolophini kunye nesixeko. Inkqubo entsha ihlanganiswe ngobomi kubemi baseBelarus.

Umthetho waseJamani waphelelwa ngumyalelo kaCatherine.