Ukuvukela kweCop: izizathu, iziganeko, iziphumo

I-Copper mvukelo yimbali ebalulekileyo kwimbali yaseRashiya, ukuvuselwa kwezihlwempu zasemadolobheni kunye neebhotile ezenzeka eMoscow ngexesha lolawulo luka-Alexei Mikhailovich. Inqobo yento "yoburhado obhedu" uye waba negama lomntu. Isetyenziswe nanini na xa ufuna ukubeka izimvo malunga nokunciphisa imali kunye ne-bankruptcy yombuso.

Iqhekeza lomlilo: iimeko kunye neemeko zembali

Umbuso waseMoscow uholele imfazwe emininzi e-Ukraine ngokumelene ne-Commonwealth, apho imali eninzi yayichithwa. Kwakukho ukunqongophala kwemali. Iimali zokugcina izitye ezixabisekileyo, apho imali yayingcatshulwa, ngelo xesha iRashiya yayingekafiki, ngoko ke yayingeniswa ngaphandle. I-Mint isetyenziselwa imali yangaphandle ukwenza iRashiya - ipennies, ipennies nemali.

Iimeko zafika kwinto yokuba i-boyar Ordin-Nashchokin yanikezela isisombululo esinokuphikisana kakhulu: ukuthenga imali yobhedu kwixabiso elikhethiweyo lesilivere. Ngelo xesha, iirhafu zasiqokelelwe ngesilivere, kodwa umvuzo sele usukhutshwe ngemali entsha yobhedu. Ukususela ngo-1654, imali yethusi yayisetyenziselwa ngokusemthethweni ukusasazwa endaweni yesilivere.

Ekuqaleni yonke into yayihamba njengoko urhulumente waceba: imali entsha yamkelwe kwintengo yeso silivere imali. Kodwa kungekudala baqala ukuvelisa inani elimangalisayo, kuba bekungekho iingxaki zobhedu. Amagceke aseMoscow, i-Pskov, ne-Novgorod ayesebenza ngokupheleleyo. Ukuhamba kwemali engakhuselekanga kwemali kwasusa iRashiya, ngoko kungekudala imfuno yesilivere yaqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye amandla okuthenga ubhedu.

Ukuphucotha, kunye nokutsha, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaqala. URhulumente akazange avume ukufumana imali yethusi njengerhafu, ngoko ke iimali zesilivere ezindala zazithela ngexabiso. Abathengisi beza kwiimarike baze bathabatha imali yethusi ngokuchanekileyo ngeenqwelo zokulwa, ngelixa ubhedu behla yonke imihla. Abantu basezidolophini bexhatshazwa: akukho nto ingathengwa kwiibhedu zethusi , kwaye kwakungenanto yokuthabatha isilivere.

Kodwa urhulumente akazange afune ukuvuma impazamo yezenzo zakhe kwaye, ngaphandle komkhwa, waqala ukukhangela ityala kwicala. Isizathu sokunyuka kwamaxabiso esithengiweyo sabizwa ngokuba ngabaphangi. Iikhotho zentetho zaqala ukulungiswa kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuveliswa kweemali "zekhohlo", isigqibo sasisodwa kuphela: ukuphathwa kakubi. Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo, isinyithi eshushu esibomvu sazaliswa yintyala.

Ingxaki yayikukuba phantse nabani na owaziyo ukuphatha isinyithi, wakwazi ukwenza iimali zeebhedu. "I-Kotelniki kunye ne-tin" ngexesha elide liphuculwe, bakwazi ukukwakha indlu yelitye, bathenga iimpahla ezibiza. Emva koko, wonke umntu wayenayo eyakhe imali yard. Iingqekembe zethusi zobungqina eMoscow zahamba ngaphezu kwesigidi sezigidi.

I-Copper Riot: iziganeko

Ngomhla kaJuni 25, 1662, ngokutsho kwindlela yokudala, incwadi ebhaliweyo yayidluliselwa kwikholam yaseLubyanka eMoscow, apho uRtishchev, uMiloslavsky kunye nabavakalisi babo uVasily Shorin babizwa ngokuba ngabaculi. Enyanisweni, bebanjelwe kwiRzeczpospolita, apho imfazwe yayiqhubeka khona. Isimangalo sasingenasiphelo, kodwa abantu sele befuna esinye isizathu sokuba baqale ukuphazamiseka.

Isihlwele samadoda angamawaka ambalwa, emva kokufunda le myalezo, waya kwidolophana yaseKolomenskoye, indawo yokuhlala ehlobo e-tsar. Ukhuseleko lwachithwa, kwaye abantu baqhekeza enkundleni yasebukhosini. UAlexei Mikhailovich wayala uRtishchev noMiloslavsky ukuba bafihle emagumbini okumkanikazi, kwaye yena ngokwakhe waphuma waya kubantu. Kwaye kukho indawo eyaqhekeza zonke iziseko kunye nemigangatho yoluntu. Abahlali bajikeleza u-Alexei Mikhailovich, kwaye bebambelele kwiintlobo zeengubo zasebukhosini, babuza: "Kuphi inyaniso?" Incoko yayinokuthula, kwaye umbusi wathembisa abantu ukuba babuyisele umyalelo. Omnye wabavukeli "babetha izandla kunye nookumkani." Emva koko isihlwele sazola kwaye saqala ukusabalalisa. Isiganeko sibonakala siphelile. Kodwa lo mhla wawulungele ukuphela ngokuhlukileyo.

Esinye isihlwele kulo mzuzu sasitshitshisa indlu kaShorin, kwaye yanyanzelisa unyana wakhe omncinane ukuba abhale isityholo sokuba uyise wayethengiswa kwiiPolesi kwaye wayilungiselela ngokukhethekileyo ukuba nemali yobhedu ukunceda intshaba. Ngale "ukuvuma" ezandleni zabo, abavukeli baphuthuma baya eKolomenskoye, bebuyisa abo babesele bebuya khona. Ngeli xesha, i-tsar yayisele iya eMoscow, ukuphanda ityala. Nangona kunjalo, iintsongelo ezintsha zabatshazeli bamcaphukisa. Ukusuka eMoscow ngelo xesha abaculi kunye namajoni bathatyathwa. U-Alexei Mikhailovich wanikela u-Artamon Matveyev umyalelo wokunciphisa abavukeli.

Imfazwe yangempela yaqala. Isihlwele sasingaxhaswanga. Abantu baxineke, baxuba emlanjeni, bahlanjululwa baze bahlulwa. Ngaloo mini kwabulawa abantu abangaphezu kwewaka. Ngethuba leentsuku ezilandelayo, bafuna ngamandla abathathi-nxaxheba ku-Kolomenskoye, babanjwe, baxhonywa, baqothula iingalo zabo nemilenze yabo, bachithwa, baxoshwa eMoscow baya kuhlaliswa ngonaphakade. Abaninzi babanjelwe baphoqelelwa ukuba babhale phantsi kokunyanzelisa ukuze baqhathanise ukubhala ngesandla kunye neli pheshana elibi. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukufumana abaxhasi beqiniso.

Ukuvukela kobhedu ka-1662 kwakukho ukuqhuba kwamacandelo asezantsi edolophini - abaculi, abalimi, abatsha, abahlwempu. Kwabathengisi kunye nabantu abakwizinga eliphezulu, akukho mntu uthatha inxaxheba kuyo. Ngaphezu koko, bancedisa ekubanjweni kwabangcikivo.

Ngenxa yokuqhubana, abantu abangamawaka amathathu bathathaka, abaninzi baninzi nje isixuku esinqwenelekayo.

Uvukelo lweCopper: Iziphumo

U-tsar wagcina isithembiso sakhe waza wajongana nengxaki yobhedu. Ngowe-1663, izitshixo ezixoshwayo kwiNovgorod naseSpkov zavalwa, kwaye imali yobhedu yaxothwa ngokupheleleyo kwi-circulation. Umxube wemali kwisilivere kwakhona. Kwaye kwahlawulwa iibheja zezobhedu ukuze ziqukumbele iinqwelo okanye zizinikele kwi-treasury. Imali yeCopper yayitshintshwe ngeemali zesilivere ezintsha kwizinga langaphambili lokunyuka kwamaxabiso elingamashumi amabini ukuya kweyodwa, oko kukuthi, urhulumente waqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuba iiluble zethusi zangaphambili azizange zinikezelwe nantoni na. Kungekudala umvuzo waqalisa ukuhlawulwa ngesilivere.