UHumboldt Wilhelm: I-Biography kunye neMisebenzi

UWilhelm von Humboldt wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kunye noncwadi. Imisebenzi yakhe iyaqhubeka ithintela izazinzulu kunye nabacingisi bexesha lethu. Wonke umntu ofundayo uyayicinga ukuba ngumsebenzi wokufunda ngokucophelela imisebenzi uHumboldt Wilhelm abhala ngayo ngelo xesha. Iingcamango zakhe nezigqibo zakhe ziyaqhubeka ezifanelekileyo kwixesha lama-XX ne-XXI. Ukuqonda iingcamango zakhe, kubalulekile ukuba ungene kwi-biografi yakhe, ukuze ufumane ukuba yiyiphi isixeko uWilhelm Humboldt azalwayo, apho adala khona, ubuhlobo bakhe buyimpembelelo ekhethekileyo kuye.

Umvelaphi

UWilhelm von Humboldt, kunye nomzalwana wakhe omncinci onobuhle uAlexander, bevela kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo neyityebi, enamathuba amaninzi nemali. Baye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwinqaba eyaziwayo yaseTegel eBerlin.

UHumboldt Wilhelm wazalelwa ngoJuni 22, ngo-1767 kwisixeko sasePotsdam. Uyise, uAlexander Georg, bevela kwintsapho yasePrussia. Umkhulu wakhe waba ngumzuzwana ngenxa yempi yakhe. Umama, uBaroness Elizabeth von Holvede unengcambu yesiFrentshi. Ugxininiso lwabaHuguenots eFransi luphoqelelisa intsapho yakhe ukuba ihambe ezweni lakubo ize idlulele eJamani, eBerlin. Xa uAlexander Georg weza eBerlin emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi, wadibana nomfazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo. Babenonyana ababini - uAlexander noWilhelm.

Imfundo:

Intsapho yaseHumboldt ayizange ilahle imali kwimfundo yabantwana babo. Xa uneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, uWilhelm Humboldt wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseFrankfurt der der Oder, kwaye ukususela ngo-1788 waqala ukuphulaphula iintetho kwi-philology kunye nembali kwiYunivesithi yaseGöttingen. Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-27 ukuya kwe-30 wayehlala eJena, apho wafumana abantu abaninzi abafilosofi abadumileyo kunye nabacinga. Phakathi kwabo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphawula amagama kaSchiller noGoethe. Emva koko, ushiya eParis ukuba afunde inkcubeko yaseFransi - ngokuqinisekileyo iphuma kwiindawo kunye negazi laseFransi. Nangona kunjalo, wachitha ixesha elide ehamba eSpeyin nase-Basque.

Imisebenzi Yomsebenzi

UHumboldt Wilhelm waba ngumntu obalulekileyo kwi-politiki yasePrussia. Ngezihlandlo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukususela ngo-1801 ukuya ku-1819 wayephethe iindawo ezibalulekileyo zikaRhulumente, wayengumthunywa wepenipotentiary eVienna, iVatican, eParis, ePrague. Ukuba nguMphathiswa wezeMicimbi yezeNkolo kunye neMfundo, wakwazi ukuphumeza ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwemfundo yesibini kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo ePrussia. KwakunguHumboldt owayenaloo mbono wokuthatha isikolo esiphambili ngaphandle kwempembelelo yonqulo nokwenza iziko lemfundo elizimeleyo.

Ngo-1809 wasungula iYunivesithi eBerlin. Ngoku leziko lemfundo linalo igama likaHumboldt. KwakuseBerlin ukuba uWilhelm Humboldt aphile kwaye asebenze, olwabiwo lwakhe luhlanganiswe ngokungenakulinganiswa nolunye lwezixeko ezinamandla kakhulu eJamani.

UHumboldt akazange ayeke apho. Ukufaneleka kwakhe kubonakala kwi- Vienna Congress eyaziwayo , eyachaza isakhiwo esitsha saseYurophu emva kokuwa kwamandla kaNapoleon. Kuze kube ngu-1819, uWilhelm Humboldt wayengumdibanisi onamandla kwaye wathatha inxaxheba kwiimpawu ezibalulekileyo zelizwe. Wayemela iminqweno yeli lizwe kummandla wehlabathi jikelele kwaye waphumelela enkulu kule ntsimi.

Ukuzilibazisa

Imfundo ebalulekileyo kunye nokukhuseleka kwemali kwentsapho yakhe yavumela uWilhelm ukuba angene kwisangqa sazinzulu kunye nabafilosofi bexesha lakhe. Ukongezelela ekuthandweni kwakhe kwezobupolitika, u-von Humboldt ubelokhu enomdla kwizinto zabantu kunye neengcamango zakhe. Ngokomzekelo, emva kwe-1790s wabhala umsebenzi othi "Imingcipheko yokuzama ukuchaza imida yezenzo zombuso", apho ahlakulela imbono yenkululeko epheleleyo yomntu evela kwiphondo. UHumboldt ubeka ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi oyintloko kaRhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwengingqi yelizwe, kodwa akanalo ilungelo lokuphazamisa kwimicimbi yabemi ngabanye. Iingcamango ezichazwe kulo msebenzi zazingenangqiqo kangangokuba umsebenzi wawucatshungulwa kwaye wawuvinjelwe ekushicileleni. Ekukhanyeni kwaphuma kuphela phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX.

Lo akuwona umsebenzi kuphela uWilhelm Humboldt abeka ngayo iingcamango zakhe kunye nezibonakaliso. Iilwimi ezifunyenwe kumntu wakhe omnye wabaguquleli kunye nabasunguli beengcamango zanamhlanje.

Ngenxa yobubanzi beehorizons kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo, uWilhelm Humboldt wayelungu lazo zonke iironi zokubhala. Wayevame ukumenywa ukuba aphulaphule uluvo lwakhe ngalolu hlobo okanye kweso sihlandlo, ukufumana ingxelo malunga nemisebenzi yombhalo efundwayo.
Ngomnyaka we-1791, umfazi wakhe waba nguCaroline von Dachereden - omnye wabafazi abafundayo kunye nabahlakaniphile ngexesha lakhe. Wancedisa kwaye waxhasa yonke into eyenziwa nguWilhelm von Humboldt. Emva komtshato, iHumboldt House yaba yintlanganiso yezihlandlo eziqhelekileyo zeengqondo ezilungileyo zonke iYurophu. Nantsi into inokuhlangana nabalobi, izazinzulu, izazifilosofi kunye nezopolitiko.

Enye yezinto zokuzilibazisa eziyinhloko zikaWilhelm zazihamba. Wayehamba ngeenxa zonke kumazwe aseYurophu, wayehlala ehlala eSwitzerland naseRoma. Kwakuye ngexesha lokuhamba kwakhe ukuba wayenothando kunye nomdla omkhulu kwiilwimi zasemzini nakwezinye iinkcubeko.

Iinkqubo

Ingcamango yolwimi kaWilhelm Humboldt yamkela ubuninzi bakhe emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi kunye nokugqitywa komsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko kunye nombuso. Wayenexesha elininzi lokukhululeka, kwaye kwavela ukuzisa iingcamango zakhe kunye neengcamango ngendlela enye ebhaliweyo.

Umsebenzi wokuqala wawuwumsebenzi "Ekuhlolisweni kweelwimi ngokubhekiselele kwiixesha ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwabo." Wawufunda kwiindonga ze-Berlin Academy yeSayensi. Ukongeza, umsebenzi "Kuvela kwimvelaphi yeefom zegrama kunye nempembelelo yazo ekuphuhlisweni kweengcamango" yapapashwa. Yabekwa isiseko seelwimi, esiyi-Wilhelm Humboldt. Iilwimi zisaqhubeka ezininzi kwiincwadi zakhe, kwaye i-theorists zixubusha iingcamango zakhe kunye nezikhundla.

Kukho imisebenzi engapheliyo uHumboldt Wilhelm engenayo ixesha lokugqiba nokupapasha. "Ngolwimi lwaseKavi kwisiqithi saseJava" ngumnye umsebenzi onjalo. Yintoni ekugxininisa ukuxhatshazwa kunye nobubanzi beetalente kunye nengcamango yalowo mfilosofi nomcangci.

Umsebenzi wakhe oyintloko, Ngokwahlukileyo kwiZakhiwo zoLuntu kunye neMpembelelo yayo kwiCandelo loPhuhliso loMoya lwaBantu, lishicilelwe, ngelanga, emva kwexesha. Kulo, uHumboldt Wilhelm uzame kangako ukucacisa intsingiselo yophando lwakhe.

Wayegxininisa ubunye bomoya wabantu kunye nolwimi lwakhe. Emva koko, ulwimi lubonisa ukuqala kokudala kolwimi ngalunye, lubonakalisa umphefumlo wabantu bonke.

Impumelelo

UWilhelm von Humboldt akazange abe yindoda ephakamileyo yezopolitiko, kodwa washiya uphawu oluphawulekayo njengososayensi ovelele. Wazikhusela iimfuno zelizwe lakhe ngexesha lokwabiwa ngokutsha kweYurophu, ukudala umyalelo omtsha wehlabathi. Kwaye ndenza ngokuqinisekileyo ngempumelelo. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuthandwa kakhulu ngumlawuli. Wayeyi-diplomate enezakhono.

Emva kokupheliswa komsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nokuvela kwexesha elikhululekile liboleke (lihlala) ngokufunda iilwimi, ukuhlelwa kwazo, ukwabiwa kwemigca epheleleyo kunye nokuhlula. Wachaza iingcinga zakhe kwimibhalo yakhe, eyapapashwa. Ubunzulu bokuphanda kwakunzima kakhulu kangangokuthi ingqiqo yakhe yakha isiseko senzululwazi entsha. Ezinye zeengcamango zakhe zazilindele ixesha lawo iminyaka eyikhulu kwaye zagqitywa emashumi eminyaka kamva. Ngenxa yesigqibo sakhe, inzululwazi eyahlukileyo yezandi eziveliswe ngeelwimi - iifowuni.

Ukuguqulwa kwemfundo awayeyenzayo kuncede ukunyusa umgudu wokuphelisa ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala phakathi kwabantu. Kwakuye apho isikolo saqala ukufumana izinto eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphambi koko, kwakungekho nhlobo inkqubo yesikolo.

Yelifa lemveli

Imisebenzi kaWilhelm von Humboldt yabeka isiseko sesayensi entsha - iilwimi, iilwimi. Wayephikisa iingcamango, ezinike ukutya kwengqondo kwiingcali ezininzi kunye nososayensi. Kuze kube ngoku, iilwimi zixubusha kwaye zixubushe malunga nezigqibo ezininzi, zivumelane nento, zithethe ngento ethile. Kodwa into enyanisekileyo: akunakwenzeka ukuba ufunde le nzu lulwazi kwaye ungazi igama likaWilhelm Humboldt.

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi uWilhelm von Humboldt washiya kuyo inzala yakhe malunga nolwimi, enye iyunivesithi yasungulwa nguye, apho amawaka amancinci nabantu abanetalente baphumelela.

Kubaluleka kubantu

Ingcamango kaWilhelm von Humboldt yaba yi-revolution kwiilwimi. Ewe, ngokobuninzi beengcali zezobugcisa, ingcamango yenzululwazi iye yahamba, kwaye ezinye zeengcamango kunye neengcamango zokhokho beli sayensi ziye zaphela kwaye zingabalulekanga. Kodwa ke, kuya kuba luncedo kuyo yonke inzululwazi ukuba ifunde kwaye iqonde inkqubo yokuqiqa ngokufanelekileyo ngu-von Humboldt kwinkqubo yokudala imisebenzi yakhe.

Wachitha ixesha elininzi echanekileyo kwaye ekwahlula iilwimi ezahlukeneyo ngamaqela olwimi kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo okanye ukungafani. UHumboldt uthetha ngokunyamezela kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ukungafani kolwimi - ukuba luguquka njani ixesha, yintoni echaphazela ukutshintshwa kwezi, ezo ziza kuhlala ngonaphakade, kwaye ziphi na eziya kutshabalala.

Izikhumbuzo kunye nezikhumbuzo

Kukho ezininzi izikhumbuzo kunye nezikhumbuzo ngokuhlonipha uWilhelm von Humboldt, kodwa enye yeyona nto eyona yinto engaphethekiyo yaba yintsika ebonakalayo kwenyanga, eyayibizwa ngokuba ngu-scientist.

EBerlin, isikhumbuzo sokuhlonipha uHumboldt kwesinye sezitrato ezisisitalathweni salo sixeko - Unter den Linden.