Imikhankaso yezempi yaseSvyatoslav ngokufutshane

Njengoko iincwadi zakudala zaseRashiya zifakazela, uSvyatoslav yedwa unyana ozalwe ngumanyano we-Grand Duke Igor kunye no- Princess Olga. Wachitha ixesha elide lobomi bakhe obutshatile empini. Imicimbi yombuso kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wekhaya wawungenamdla kuye. Inkosana yazinikela ngokupheleleyo kwisigqibo soo mibuzo kumzali wakhe ozilumko. Ngoko ke, ukunyuka kweSvyatoslav kukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba kunzima, kuba imihla yonke imfazwe. Njengoko abahleli beengxelo, imfazwe yintsikelelo yalo yobomi, inzondelelo, ngaphandle kokungekho.

Ukulwa

Iikhankaso zeSvyatoslav zaqala xa le nkwenkwe yayineminyaka emine ubudala. Ngaloo ndlela unina u-Olga wathatha yonke into ukuze abuyisele kwi-Drevlyans eyabulala ngendoda yakhe igor. Ngokwesiko, kuphela isikhulu esingakhokelela imfazwe. Kwaye ke isandla sonyana wakhe omncinci saphonsa umkhonto, owamnika umyalelo wokuqala kwiqela.

I-Army, i-Svyatoslav ithathe iintolo ezandleni. Nangona kunjalo, wachitha ixesha elininzi kwiimfazwe. Uxhomekeke kwiinkalo ezininzi ezibonakalayo kwii-European knights.

Imikhankaso yamajoni kaSvyatoslav ayizange iqalwe ngokungalindelekanga. Inkosana yaphumelela kuphela kwimfazwe elungileyo, ihlale ilumkisa intshaba yokuhlaselwa. Iqela lakhe lafuduka ngokukhawuleza, kuba i-campaign ye-Svyatoslav - indoda engazange ibone i-luxury-yahamba engahambelani kunye neetokethi kunye neentente ezinganciphisa intshukumo. Uwonke-jikelele ngokwakhe wayenentlonelo enkulu phakathi kwamajoni, wabelane ngokutya kunye nendlela yokuphila.

Khazars

Lesi sizwe sithetha isiTurkey sasihlala kwintsimi yeDagestan yanamhla. Kwasekwa ubukhosi bayo - iKaganat. Njengezinye izizwe, amaKhayars atyisa amazwe angaphandle, ahlala ehlasele ummandla wabamelwane bawo. I-Kaganate yakwazi ukuthobela yena uVihatch noRadimich, abasenyakatho kunye nama-glades, abo emva kokuguqulwa kwamandla akhe baphoqeleka ukuba bahlawule irhafu. Konke oku kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho iinkosana zaseMandulo zaqala ukuzikhulula.

Abaninzi babo babhekana nomzabalazo omude kunye nesizwe esixubileyo esiTurkey, esasibanjwe ngempumelelo. Enye yeemfazwe ezidumileyo yiphulo likaSvyatoslav malunga neKhayars, egcinwe ngonyaka we-964.

Iimbambano zaseRussia kulo mkhankaso zaziyiPechenegs, kunye nentloko yaseKieg yalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Umkhosi waseRashiya, ufikelele kwinkunzi yaseKaganate, wanyunyuza umbusi wendawo kunye nomkhosi wakhe omningi, ehamba endleleni ephethe izixeko ezininzi.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kweKhayars

Ingcamango yesikhulu iyamangalisa ngobubanzi nokukhula kwayo. Ndimele ndithi zonke iiprogram zeSvyatoslav zazizifundo zokufunda. Ngamafutshane, ngokubhekiselele kumabhali, bangachazwa njengomngeni ovulelekileyo kwiintshaba.

Umkhankaso weKhazar wawungekho. I-Svyatoslav yayinomdla kwinto enye: ukufumana phakathi kwamazwe achasayo ajikeleza iRashiya yakudala, isixhumanisi esinobuthathaka. Kwakudingeka ukuba ihlale yodwa kunye nabamelwane abanobugwenxa kunye ne-"rust" yangaphakathi.

Kwathethwa ixesha elidlulileyo ukuba kwakuyisihlandlo sokukhupha inqaba yaseKhazar ukusuka kwintengiso ye-East. Ngaloo xesha, ukunqotshwa kwe-Kaganate kwakuyimfuneko engxamisekileyo eRashiya. Yanciphisa ukunyuka kweenkosana zaseKiev, ngaphandle kwemimandla yaseSlavic (bayakhubeka kwi-vyatichah). Isizathu sokuba le mihla yaqhubeka ihlawula i-Khazars. Ukuze kuqhutywe i-Kiev phezu kwabo, kwakufuneka ukuba kuqala ukulahla ijoka le-Kaganate ukusuka kwiVatka.

Iphulo likaSvyatoslav malunga neKhazars lalihluke kakhulu kwiimbambano zangaphambili zenkalipho zokuphanga okanye ukuthunjwa. Isikhulu sikhethwe okwangoku kwimida ye-Kaganate ngokuthe ngcembe, ukudibanisa ubudlelwane kuwo onke amanqanaba. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba bakwazi ukujikeleza intshaba ngemikhosi yezizwe ezingathandekiyo kunye nezizwe ngaphambi kokuhlasela.

Amacebo

Umkhankaso we-Svyatoslav weeKhazars wawungumgca omkhulu wokujikeleza. Okokuqala, isikhulu sathuthela ngasenyakatho, sinqoba iintlanga zaseSlavic zamaVatchs, kuxhomekeke kwi-Kaganate, kwaye zikhulula kwiimpembelelo zaseKhazar. Ngokukhawuleza badlulisela ii-rook ukusuka kwi-Desna ukuya elunxwemeni lomlambo i-Oka, i-squadron yasondela nge-Volga. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezizwe ze-Burtases kunye neVolga Bulgars kuxhomekeka kwiKhazars, iSvyatoslav ngaloo ndlela ithekele ukhuseleko oluthembekileyo kwiplanethi yakhe esemantla.

AmaKhazars ayengalindelanga ukubetha ukusuka kumntla. Baye bahlengahlengisa loo ndlela, kwaye ngoko bebengakwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela. Okwangoku, iphulo likaSvyatoslav eKhayaria laqhubeka. Xa sele ifikelele kwinkunzi yaseKaganate - Itil, i-prince yahlasela umkhosi owazama ukukhusela i-settlement kwaye yawunqumla ekulweni.

Iphulo likaSvyatoslav liqhubekile kwingingqi yeNtshona Caucasus. Nantsi i-Kiev inkosana yahlula enye indawo eqinileyo yesizwe esixubileyo isiTurkey-inqaba yeSondlo. Ukongezelela, wakwazi ukunqoba i-kasogs kwaye wamisela inqununu entsha kwiPeninsula yaseTaman ngegama lokuqala -Tmutarakansky, kunye nenkunzi-dolophu-idolophu eneqingqiweyo yaseMatkh. Yakhiwe ngomnyaka we-965 kwisiza sokuhlala kwendawo yakudala.

Umkhosi waseSvyatoslav

Kukho imibhalo embalwa kakhulu yeenkcukacha ezilandelwayo ezichaza iinkcukacha ze- Grand Duke . Kodwa into yokuba imikhankaso yempi yaseSvyatoslav yayomeleza kakhulu iKivanvan Rus, ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe, ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe eSlavic kwaqhubeka.

Iikhankaso ze-Svyatoslav ze-Igorevich zazibonakaliswe ngokukhawuleza kunye nokudibanisa. Wazama ukutshabalalisa ibutho leentshaba kwiindawo - kwiimfazwe ezimbini okanye ezintathu, ezidibanisa iimfazwe ngokukhawuleza kwindlela yamandla akhe. Inkosana yaseKievania yayisebenzisa ngobuchule ukungahambisani nokungahambisani phakathi kweByzantium kunye nezizwe ezihlala phantsi. Waqukumbela ngezivumelwano zesikhashana zesikhashana ngexesha lokuncothula impi yeentshaba zakhe.

Iindwendwe zikaSvyatoslav zazingaphambili ngaphambi kokuba zifundwe ngolu hlobo ngecandelo lama-scouts. Umsebenzi wabo wawubandakanya imisebenzi engeyiyo kuphela ukuyigcina, kodwa nokuthatha abathunjiweyo okanye abahlali bendawo, nokuba bathumele iintlola kwiinkampu zeentshaba ukufumana ulwazi oluncedo kakhulu. Xa umkhosi wema ukuphumla, umlindi wayebekwe ngekampu.

Iiprogram zeNkosana uSvyatoslav, njengomthetho, zaqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, xa imilambo namachibi sele sele zivulwe kwiqhwa. Baqhubeka de kube yindla. I-infantry yahamba emanzini emanqanawa, ngelixa amahhashi ahamba ecaleni kolwandle, ngaphaya kwehlabathi.

Izigqeba zeSvjatoslav ziyalwe ngu-Igor Sveneld, owayemenywe nguyise, phantsi kobunkokheli babo ababekho neenkampani zabo kuma-Varangi. Inkosana ngokwayo, njengababhali beengxelo, beyifumene nomyalelo we-Kiev ibutho, abazange bafune ukuqesha ama-Varangi, nangona wayenomdla. Kwaye oko kwaba yinto enomdla kuye; wafa ezandleni zabo wafa.

Ibutho lempi

Amaqhinga okukhusela kunye nesicwangciso saqulunqwa yiNkosana ngokwakhe. Basebenzisa ngobuchule ukusetyenziswa kwempi emikhulu ngokuqhuba nokukhanya kwamagqabantshintshi e-squad. Singaxelela ukuba kwakuyiphulo likaSvyatoslav labeka isiseko sesicwangciso sokubetha intshaba emhlabeni.

Amagorha aseKieg ayexhobile ngeengcamba, iinkemba eziphanga kabini kunye neenqwelo zokulwa. Iyokuqala yayiyintlobo ezimbini - ukulwa, kunye neenkalo ezinzima zensimbi ezinamandla, ezibekwe kwi-shaft ende; Yaye iphosa-izithembiso, ezazincipha kakhulu. Baye bhoxiswa ngulo lutshaba olusondelayo okanye amahhashi.

Kwizandla kwakukho iipembe kunye ne-sabers, i-maces, izibonda, i-iron-bound and knives. Kwabalindi bemimandla babengakwazi ukuqonda omnye nomnye, iinqweba zabagcini babecwecwe obomvu.

Iphulo leDanube

Iiprogram zeNkosana uSvyatoslav ziye zahlengahlengiswa kwaye zacinywa kwiprogram yombuso omkhulu waseKhazar. Iindlela zokurhweba zacinywa kwiMpuma, ukuhlanganiswa kwezizwe zase- East Slavic zagqitywa kwilizwe elidala laseRashiya.

Ngenxa yokuqinisa nokukhusela imida yalo kule ndlela, iSvyatoslav yatshintsha iWest. Apha kwakukho oko kuthiwa yiRussia Island, eyakhiwa yiDanube Delta kunye ne-bend, i-shayan shaft enkulu enomthi ogcwele amanzi. Ngokweenkcukacha zembali, lwakhiwa ngabahlali baseDanube. I-trade of Kievan Rus kunye neBulgaria kunye neByzantium yayisondeza abantu abaselwandle. Yaye le mibutho yaba namandla ngakumbi kwixesha leSvyatoslav.

Ngethuba leminyaka elinesithathu lempuma, umlawuli wamthabatha indawo eninzi: ukusuka kumahlathi ase-Oka ukuya eNyakatho Caucasus. Ngaloo xesha ubukhosi baseByzantine buhlala buthule, ekubeni ukusebenzisana kwezempi zaseRussia-Byzantine kusebenza.
Kodwa ngoku, xa isigxina esisenyakatho siqala ukubeka uxinzelelo kwizinto zaseCrimea, eConstantinople zaqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokuxhalabisa. Isithunywa sathunyelwa ngokukhawuleza eKiev ukuze sizalise ubuhlobo.

Sekule xesha, i-Kiev yayiyiphulo likaSvyatoslav ngokubhekiselele eBulgaria. Isicwangciso sokuhlasela kwendawo yaseDanube ukufikeleleka komlomo we-Danube ukuya eRashiya ngesikhulu sasiyilisa ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, la mazwe ayenjalo eBulgaria, ngoko waqinisekisa isithembiso saseByzantium ukuba angathathi hlangothi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba uConstantinople akaphazamanga kwiiprogram zeSvyatoslav kwi-Danube, wathenjiswa ukuba abuyele kwiCrimea. Kwakuyi-diplomacy efanelekileyo eyachaphazela umdla waseRashiya nakumaMpuma.

Ukuhlaselwa eBulgaria

Ehlobo lase-967, amajoni aseRashiya aholwa nguSvyatoslav athuthela eningizimu. Ibutho laseRussia laxhaswa yimikhosi yaseHungary. IBulgaria, ke, yayixhomekeke kwi-yasov kunye ne-kasog, kunye neentlanga ezimbalwa zaseKhazar.

Njengoko abahleli beendaba baxela, zombini amacala alwela ukufa. I-Svyatoslav yakwazi ukunqoba amaBulgaria kwaye ibamba imizi engamashumi asibhozo ecaleni kweenxweme zeDanube.

Uhambo lukaSvyatoslav ukuya eBalkans lwagqitywa ngokukhawuleza. Enyanisweni kumkhwa wakhe wokuqhuba imfazwe yombane, inkosana, ephukile kwiipropati zaseBulgaria, yahlula umkhosi kaTarta uPetros entsimini. Intshaba kwakufuneka iqukumbele uxolo, apho i-Danube ephantsi kweNqabayaslavtsy idlulela kwiRashiya.

Injongo yinyaniso yamaRashiya

Kwaye ngoko kwakukho izicwangciso zangempela ze-Svyatoslav, leyo i-prince eyayithandayo ixesha elide, yavela. Wadlulisela indawo yakhe yokuhlala ePereyaslavets, echaza indlela ababhalisayo ababhalela ngayo ukuba akafuni ukuhlala eKiev. Kwi "phakathi" kwelizwe laseKiev waqala ukuhamba umvuzo kunye nokuhle. AmaGrike azisa igolide kunye neendwangu ezixabisekileyo, iwayini kunye neziqhamo ezininzi ezingavamile kwezo zihlandlo, isilivere kunye namahhashi ahle kakhulu akhululwa kwiCzech Republic naseHungary, nakwiRashiya - u-honey, wax kunye namakhoboka.

Ngo-Agasti 968, imikhosi yakhe sele isifikele kwimida yaseBulgaria. Ngokwababhali beembali, ngokukodwa, i-Byzantine Leo Diakon, uSvyatoslav ukhokela umkhosi onamandla angama-60,000.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokweminye imibiko, oku kwakukugqithisa kakhulu, kuba isikhulu saseKiev asizange sithathe iimbutho zamazwe phantsi kwebhanner yakhe. Wayelwa kuphela neqela lakhe, "abazingeli" -abavolontiya kunye namaqela amaninzi ePechenegs naseHungary.

AmaRashiya angena emlonyeni we-Danube engaqinisekanga kwaye ngokukhawuleza waqala ukunyuka phezulu. Ukubonakala kwaloo mkhosi omkhulu kwakumangalisa kubaBulgaria. Ngokukhawuleza amajoni aphuma ngeenqanawa kwaye, ukuvala izihlangu, wagijimela ekuhlaselweni. Abantu baseBulgaria, abakwazi ukunyamezela, babaleka empini baza babalekela kwinqaba yaseDorostol.

Iimfuno zokulungiselela umkhankaso weByzantine

Ithemba lokuba maRoma ukuba amaRussia aya kubambelela kule mfazwe awazange azithethelele. Emva kweemfazwe zokuqala, umkhosi waseBulgaria wahlulwa. Amajoni aseRashiya, atshabalalise yonke inkqubo yayo yokuzimela ekhompuma, wavula indlela eya kwimida ngeByzantium. KwiConstantinople, ingozi eyabonakalayo ngenxa yobukhosi babo ngenxa yokuba umkhosi onqobayo we-Kiev ibutho phezu kwamazwe aseBulgaria awuzange uphele ngokuphanga nokutshabalalisa izixeko kunye nemihlali, akukho gonyamelo lwabantu basekuhlaleni, ubunzima beemfazwe zangaphambili zamaRoma. URussi wabona abazalwana begazi. Ngaphandle koko, eBulgaria, nangona ubuKristu bumekiwe, abantu abaqhelekileyo abazange balibale izithethe zabo.

Yingakho uvelwano lwabantu abangamaBulgaria kunye nendawo yamakhosikazi asekuhlaleni bhenela kweso sikhulu saseRashiya. Amajoni aseRashiya aqala ukuzalisa ngamavolontiya ahlala kwiindawo ze-Danube. Ukongezelela, amanye amakhosikazi afuna ukufungela uSvyatoslav, kuba ubuninzi bezilwimi zaseBulgaria abazange bamkele uTar Peter kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-Byzantine.

Konke oku kunokukhokelela uBukhosi baseByzantine kwiintlekele zezopolitiko nezomkhosi. Ukongezelela, amaBulgaria, ekhokelwa yiNkoon, inkokheli yabo eninzi, akazange athathe uKonstantinople ngokwakhe.

Ukulwa neByzantium

Inzame kaSvyatoslav yokuguqula iPereyaslavets ibe yinkunzi yombuso wakhe omtsha, kwaye mhlawumbi lonke ilizwe elidala laseRashiya, alizange lithweswe ngempumelelo. Oku akukwazanga ukuvumela i-Byzantium, eyabona ingozi ebulalayo kulo mmandla. I-Svyatoslav Igorevich, ekuhambeni kokulandela amaphulo omnqophiso ogqityiweyo kunye neConstantinople, ayizange ihlasele ubunzulu belizwe laseBulgaria. Ngokukhawuleza xa ehlala kumazwe aseDanube kunye nomzi oqingqiweyo wasePereyaslavets, isikhulu sagxotha imisebenzi yempi.

Ukubonakala kweSvyatoslav kwi-Danube kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwabantu baseBulgaria babethusa kakhulu i-Byzantium. Emva koko, emva kwakhe wakhulisa intloko enobudlova kunye nephumelelayo. Inzame yobudlelwane baseByzantine ukubetha iBulgaria ngokumelene neRashiya, ngaloo ndlela iyanciphisa amanqanaba amabini, yahlulwa. Ngenxa yoko, uConstantinople waqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukuthumela imikhosi evela e-Asia Minor. Ngentwasahlobo ye-970 iSvyatoslav yahlasela amaTracian aseByzantium. Umkhosi wakhe wafika eArkadiople waza wema kwiikhilomitha ezilikhulu namashumi amabini ukusuka eConstantinople. Lapha kwaye kwakukho imfazwe jikelele.

Ukususela kwimibhalweni yabagcini be-Byzantine, unokufunda ukuba yonke i-Pechenegs yabulawa kwi-encirclement, ngaphezu koko, i-force ye-Svyatoslav Igorevich nayo yanqotshwa. Nangona kunjalo, izazi-mlando zakudala zaseRussia zithetha ngeziganeko. Ngokweengxelo zabo, i-Svyatoslav, isondela kufuphi neTsargrad, isaphindwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubuyisela, wathabatha inkokhelo enkulu, kuquka nabalweli bakhe abafileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ikampu enkulu ye-Svyatoslav yeByzantium Ball iphelile ehlobo lelo nyaka. Ngo-Ephreli wonyaka olandelayo, umbusi waseByzantium uJohn I Tzimisce wayemchasene noRussia, wathumela i-flotilla engamakhulu amathathu kwiDanube ukukhawulela indlela yokubuyela ekhaya. NgoJulayi, kukho enye imfazwe enkulu, apho iSvyatoslav yalimala khona. Imfazwe yaphela ngaphandle, kodwa emva kwayo uRuss wangena kwiintetho zoxolo.

Ukufa kweSvyatoslav

Emva kokugqitywa kwengqungquthela, inkosana yafika ngokusemthethweni emlonyeni weDnieper, yenza indlela eya kwii-rapids kwiinqanawa. Umphathi wakhe othembekileyo u-Sveneld wawacebisa ukuba bawagqithise ngehashe ukuze bangakhubeki kwiPechenegs, kodwa akazange athobele. Isilingo sikaSvyatoslav sokunyuka kweDnieper ngo-971 asizange siphele ngempumelelo, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba ubusika kwi-ecosystem ukwenzela ukuphinda le phondo entwasahlobo. Kodwa iPechenegs isalinde iRussia. Kwaye kwimeko engalinganiyo, impilo kaSvyatoslav yavalwa ...