Umbuso Byzantine

Ukuwa yoBukhosi baseByzantium nekomkhulu yayo eConstantinople, malunga 1453. Oko kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo uye waba nguyise komthetho wamaRoma, inkqubo yezomthetho, nto leyo ubuvuvu kuninzi lwamazwe, ephakamileyo kunye nemfundo yesikolo. Ngapha koko, uBukhosi baseByzantium wanika eyunivesithi yokuqala yehlabathi. It wadalwa yi le nkqubo yezemali, ubukho bekuza kubhanga malunga neminyaka eliwaka. Basics lwezakhono lobuchule nazo wayibeka kuBukhosi baseByzantium. Architecture, art ... Kuyinto kude hayi ngokupheleleyo uluhlu iimpumelelo ubukhosi, ubukho eyathatha eziliwaka elinamakhulu amabini anesihlanu.

1203 - ngomnyaka wesine yenkolo. Ngoxa Crusaders balile ukwenza uhambo ngeenyawo ndlela, ngoko ke Venetians baba yokwenza zohambo ngenqanawa, kodwa imali le nkonzo akwanelanga. Ngoko icala yelo ecetywayo endaweni ukuhlawula amatyala ukuba abahlali Zadar (kwezorhwebo kwi kuLwandle iAdriatic). Yenko- bavuma kwaye waphumeza le meko, kodwa imali ngokwaneleyo Zadar ukuya Venetians ukuba akukho zikhalazo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye yabo lilandelwa isindululo ukuva izimvo eConstantinople, ngelo xesha umoya ingxabano phakathi umalume nomtshana - Alex uIsake neengelosi - kuba indawo phezu kwetrone.

Enye amaqela abhenela zenkolo, ezithembisa imali ofanelekileyo imali ukubuyiselwa etroneni. Ngoko ke, lo Omnqamlezo, emva iphanga, wathabatha eConstantinople. Ukuzalisekisa isithembiso lodibaniso enkulu kuhlawulwa Angel aluphumelelanga, ngenxa yokuba abazange babe isixa kuyimfuneko, ngoko ke impendulo Crusaders waba ukuphanga. Baye yabiwa zonke kwizindlu eConstantinople, kuquka sisigubungelo weNkosi, amakhulu iitoni iingqekembe, umhombiso lwamabandla, imisebenzi yezandla. Umkhosi yaseByzantium akakwazanga akhuphisane elinye yayinamandla kakhulu yaye enamandla ngelo xesha umkhosi Omnqamlezo, ngoko akazange akwazi ukuthintela ubusela.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1204 kwakukho ikhefu lokugqibela yehlabathi eNtshona naseMpuma. BaseByzantium yoMbuso West - na ummandla apho kukho iimbono heretical kunye mazwi. Kodwa nangona oku, abarhwebi amazwe akukho ndicekisa ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ephambili kuqoqosho aseByzantium yayo.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuwa umbuso? Le ngxaki, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni ukwehla imeko yezoqoqosho yoBukhosi baseByzantium, waye ukulahlekelwa lulawulo karhulumente phezu imali kweemali ebezityalwe kwi-West. Ngaphezu koko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwakukho ngumba kazwelonke, okwakungenakufikelelwa abonwe. Njengoko abalawuli, kunye namagosa aphezulu karhulumente phambi xesha sibe nabameli naluphi na uhlanga. Ugxininiso oluphambili kwinkqubela kulawulo kunye nobuqili bezoshishino. Kodwa West yayigqalwa ummeli yehlabathi okungenaluzsini kunye zasendle.

kubuya ubuzwe kwakhokelela uqhekeko phakathi kwezizwe ayakhe i Byzantium. West akazange akakuphosi ithuba lokuba basebenzise le meko waza waqalisa ukuba beyiseke abantu Bulgarians kunye nama; amaGrike iminyaka emininzi yabacudisiweyo bangoobani. Ukutyala ezi zimvo kwakhokelela kwiintshukumo eziliqela zotshintsho olululo zesininzi West kunye neengcebiso engxamisekileyo ukoyisa namaSerb kwaye Bulgarians ukusuka bukhosi yaye ukulawula kwabo kwihlabathi yaseYurophu. Ngoko ke, ezi ntlanga iminyaka emininzi ezayo phantsi kwedyokhwe nzima yi baseTurkey.

YoBukhosi baseByzantium, ngaphandle kwabo sele sitshilo, ufumana enye ingxaki - ukukhula yokunganeliseki kwicala kwimimandla ekwanti kwikomkhulu, umgangatho wobomi lwahluke ubomi eConstantinople.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII eseByzantium amaqela amabini kunye iimbono malunga kuye kwasekwa. Lokuqala ebizwa ukuphuhlisa, uthembele kuphela kwizibonelelo zabo, kunye nokwandisa amandla kweli lizwe, le yesibini - pro-Western - wakhuthaza nokuhlengahlengiswa onke amaziko ubukhosi, ngokungqinelana ne imodeli Koloni. Ixhaswe licandelo eYurophu, iqela pro-abaseNtshona waphumelela. Umphumo waba uthotho yeenguqulelo ibangele ukuba lusizo epheleleyo obo bukhosi utshaba lwakhe - le sultanate Ottoman.

Kokuwa kweConstantinople yaba sisiphumo zokungqinga yayo yokugqibela yi baseTurkey. Ngaphandle kokunikeza uCaster ebalaseleyo Urga ukudala kuyimfuneko ukumelana ukumelana na imipu Turkish, umlawuli, kodwa impendulo, omnye akwazi ukunika. Ebuncwaneni babulilize yoBukhosi baseByzantium, yaye abemi abazizityebi ukuze imali bashiya esi sicwangciso. Ngenxa yoko, mmeli lesayensi, kunye isindululo efanayo wabhenela Turkish Sultan Mehmet. Uye ivumile ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, ngenxa umfundi esikolweni yaseByzantium, ziyahlelwa yoBukhosi baseByzantium kokuvalelwa.

Ngenxa yesi siganeko ezongezelelwe baseNtshona kunye iqela pro-Turkish, umsebenzi walo ongundoqo akhokelele capital yeBhodi.

May 29, 1453, emva kokuba zokungqinga elide kweso sixeko, amajoni Turkish wakwazi ukuba nempumelelo. Defenders, esoyika Ukuhlasela, wabaleka. Ngoko ke, lo mlawuli yaseByzantium wayeyedwa phakathi bangi. Okuhlatywa kwi emva ngomnye ngabameli icala Turkish kuye kwabangela isiphelo sobomi loMlawuli Constantine XI Palaeologus.

UMbuso baseByzantium yaphela.