UNikolai Kondratiev, yezoqoqosho eSoviet: engobomi, igalelo kuqoqosho

Notorious lenkunkuma "Kommunarka" yaba indawo ukufa izazinzulu ezininzi Soviet kudana. Omnye wabo yaba ngezoqoqosho uNikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. Kwiminyaka yokuqala eSoviet Union, wayiqhubela uceba ilizwe kwezolimo. Inxalenye engundoqo yelifa theoretical Kondratieff incwadi "imijikelo Big conjuncture." Kwakhona, ISAZINZULU ukungqinisiseka nkqubo nep, uya kubuyisela uqoqosho Soviet emva kokuba imfazwe yamakhaya buhlungu.

Esakhula

Economist UNikolai Kondratiev wazalwa ngoMatshi 16, 1892 kwidolophana Galuevskoy kwiphondo Kostroma. Nge-13 le ndoda yaya ecaweni kunye notitshala kwiziko. Ngexesha revolution yokuqala Russian, umfundi waba SR yaye yanceda nekomiti ugwayimbo alukiweyo. Kuba lo wagxothwa sabefundisi, yaye bathumela entolongweni.

emva konyaka omnye, UNikolai Kondratiev wakhululwa yaye babhalise kwi-School of eneenkuku nezolimo kwidolophu Ukrainian ka neendawo zokwakha. Ngowe-1908 wafudukela eSt Petersburg. Xa ikomkhulu Kondratyev ekwabelwana igumbi kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko nzulu loluntu Pitirim Sorokin - umseki elizayo e-worldwork theory okundwendwelana.

Ukuqala Umsebenzi zenzululwazi

Ngowe-1911, UNikolai Kondratiev wangena St. Petersburg University. Emva kokuphumelela, wanyula isebe yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwaye ingcaciso-manani wagqiba ukulungiselela ukufumana isihloko ngunjingalwazi.

Ngeli xesha, wayiqhubela indlobongela Kondratiev imisebenzi ngoncwadi yezenzululwazi. Kusebenzisana kunye "Herald yaseYurophu", "umnqophiso" kunye nezinye iimagazini, baza banikela iintetho ezininzi. Young waba isifundiswa kwizangqa zenzululwazi uMikhail Tugan-Baranovsky kunye Lva Petrazhitskogo. UNjingalwazi Mxim Kovalevsky wamenza unobhala wakhe. Ngowe-1915, Kondratev uNikolay Dmitrievich wapapasha ngodaba yakhe yokuqala eyayinikelwe uqoqosho kwiphondo lakhe lokuzalwa Kostroma.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko olululo

Njengokuba njengenxalenye uluntu St. Petersburg lwenzululwazi, Kondratiev wahlala ilungu Socialist Revolutionary Party. Kangangexesha elide kuye kwaqhutywa yokucupha ofihlakeleyo abecuphi. Ngowe-1913, xa iRussia yabhiyozela isikhumbuzo sama- 300 ka Romanov ubukhosi, Kondratyev wachitha inyanga entolongweni.

umsebenzi Political kwaqiniswa emva ngezoqoqosho iziganeko ngesiquphe i-Februwari revolution. -Nzulu lalicinga komthunywa III Congress of the Party Socialist-Revolutionary, eMoscow ngoMeyi - Juni 1917. Apho wenza intetho yokuxhasa Provisional kaRhulumente. Emva koko, i yezoqoqosho waba ngumcebisi Kerensky kwezolimo. UNikolai Kondratiev inxaxheba ekudalweni Council of yamaSekela Abalimi 'kwaye sele amagunya kubo kwi All-Russian leNkomfa Democratic ngoSeptemba. Economist kunyulwe engunobambiso Council of the Republic. Ukongeza, wakwazi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ye-Main iKomiti yoMhlaba kunye League yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba.

Ukunceda urhulumente Kerensky, Kondratiev wasebenza nzima ukoyisa loo ngxaki ukutya leyo iye yakhula ngenxa imfazwe elide nxamnye Germany kunye namahlakani ayo. Le wakuswela impilo ephazamisa isimo kuluntu. Ukudala inkqubo yonikezelo ozinzileyo uya kwenza kube lula ukuba mpuluswa ukuphikisana kwezentlalo siphephe le ngxaki kwezopolitiko. Nangona Kondratiev waba lweli ingcamango ngurhulumente okuziinkozo bodwa. Kwakhona wabeka amathemba akhe phezu yerikhwizishini, nangona ngo-1917 kuye na isigqibo ingxaki ukutya - usongo a indlala enkulu-scale waqhubeka emtini phambi Provisional kaRhulumente.

A kokuphuma nkqubo

I-October Revolution wathabatha Kondratieff kwinkampu eliphikisayo. Waba lilungu leNdibano usemthethweni Socialist-mbuso. Xa baphuke lo mzimba, ISAZINZULU waya ababemelene kwiBolsheviks "Russian Ukuvuselelwa Union". Ngowe-1919, i-Socialist-Revolutionary Party yathotyelwa kwimeko woyiswa wokugqibela. Kondratev uNikolay Dmitrievich washiya kwezopolitiko wazibhokoxa ngokupheleleyo kwinzululwazi.

Emva kokuba Revolution Kondratyev wafudukela eMoscow. Apho waqalisa ukufundisa beeyunivesithi eziliqela - iYunivesithi Shanyavsky, lweNtsebenziswano Institute, Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy. Kangangexesha elithile kwindawo yomsebenzi of Economist le Moscow Narodny Bank. Ngowe-1920, Kondratiev wabanjwa waza waba nommangalelwa kwimeko i "Union of Ukuvuselelwa eRashiya." Owayesakuba SR ukusindisa kuMoses Alexander nephupha Chayanov kunye abadumileyo yamaBolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Sebenza iKomishoni yoCwangciso State

Imigudu Kondratieff yasekwa Conjunctural Institute kwi-Peoples Commissariat wezeMali. yezoqoqosho eSoviet iphethwe saliphosa 1920-1928 biennium. Wasebenza iminyaka emithathu yaBantu Commissariat of Agriculture. I-USSR State Kondratiev iKomiti yoCwangciso yaba yinxalenye kwisebe lezolimo. Le Isazinzulu wakhokela kukuchaza kabanzi icebo zophuhliso kwicandelo lezolimo.

Ngowe-1922, UNikolai Kondratiev, omnikelo kuqoqosho wayesele urhulumente oselula yiSoviet kakhulu, waphinda waba lixhoba zocindezelo. Yayifakwe kuluhlu lwabantu kunganqwenelekiyo ukuba zenzeke, belungiselela ukugxothwa eSoviet Union. Kondratieva wasivuna yaBantu Commissariat of Agriculture. Njengoko ingcali ukulawula iinkqubo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo, igama lakhe yaye yasuswa Blekhlista umthumeli.

phesheya

Ngowe-1924, Kondratiev waya uhambo uphando phesheya. Wayetyelele eJamani, eKhanada, i-UK kunye US. Economist kwafuneka baqhelane neendlela makethi kumazwe aseNtshona. Oku kwaba luncedo kuye lokufundiswa imigaqo nep. Yaba UNikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) wayengomnye abalandeli engundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha kwezoqoqosho, apho iiBolsheviks emva kweminyaka eyonakalisayo ubukomanisi imfazwe. Njengoko ingcali eSoviet kwafuneka ukuba bahlole ithemba kumazwe angaphandle USSR.

Kondratieff nganye, Pitirim Sorokin ngelo xesha sele ehlala eUnited States. Uthe Nikolayu Dmitrievichu ukuba uhlale e-Melika, kukho isitulo eyunivesithi ukuba akhokele ukukhusela wena kunye nosapho lwakho, uhambe naye amazwe. Noko ke, Kondratiev wala ukulahla ekhaya. Yena gqitha amathuba amatsha ukuba zivulwe phambi kwakhe nep.

Amazing

Ngowe-1924, oko ungaluqalanga na repressions kaStalin. Akakho umntu ukucinga ukuba kuya kubakho ngamashwangusha yashukumisa yiSoviet Union kwi-1930. Imbalelwano declassified phakathi Stalin omnye wabaququzeleli ngesothuso Yakovom Agranovym namhlanje kwakusazeka ukuba ekuphelisweni Kondratieff ahlukunyezwe umyalelo ngayo inkokeli. Ngoxa i-US, i yezoqoqosho abayazi into elolo hlobo.

Ebuya kwamanye amazwe, Kondratiev waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe ebonakalayo endle ezoqoqosho nokucwangcisela - oko ecetywayo nayenza kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu iminyaka ekuthiwa-kwezolimo 1923-1928.

Igalelo kuqoqosho

lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo senkolelo Kondratiev lwapapashwa ngo-1925 - "imijikelo Big conjuncture." Wabangela mpikiswano enkulu zombini kwi USSR nakwamanye amazwe. Kukho ixesha entsha eye wanikela UNikolai Kondratiev -. 'Imijikelo Uphuhliso loqoqosho "

Ngokutsho kwithiyori ISAZINZULU, uqoqosho lwehlabathi iqalisa uwele. Abadala zomnotho oguquguqukayo kufakwe, kwaye vice versa. Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ubude eli thuba - malunga nama-50 iminyaka. Kwi-USSR, abantu abaninzi abafuni nokumbona iingcinga abeke phambili Kondratiev. "Imijikelo Kondratieff" kwakusithiwa sokuhamba yombhali evela Marxism.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo yezoqoqosho ubeke phambili Cingela kungekho siseko theoretical component. Kondratyev legunya nje zabo Imigqaliselo yakhe ngezinto. Yena kuhlalutywa iinkcukacha manani ukusuka ekupheleni anoqoqosho XVIII kunye US e Western eYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Usakube uyenzile lo msebenzi, izazinzulu ziye wakha yemizobo wafumana nongqamaniso phindo. Kondratiev ichonge ezi zigaba zilandelayo yoqulunqo nayiphi uqoqosho nokukhula, phezulu, ukuhla, ukudandatheka.

Ukuba eSoviet Union theory ngqindilili iye akafumaneki isicelo, ngoko phesheya ke baziswa abezoqoqosho abaninzi kunye negama ehlabathini lonke. Ingqiqo Kondratieff yatshatshela Austria kunye nzulu American Yozef Shumpeter. Uphando lemveli lesizwe Russian yaqalwa kuphela emva Perestroika. Ukongeza, Kondratiev washiya ngasemva uphando esisiseko kwi Dynamics amaxabiso impahla zolimo nezeefektri.

Ungquzulwano kunye norhulumente

"Iimeko imijikelo ezinkulu 'ukuba eli ligatya kobunkokheli eSoviet. Kungekudala emva kopapasho ngodaba waqalisa badgering iphephancwadi Kondratieva, ngumququzeleli leyo UGrigory Zinoviev. Yaba aphikisane zenzululwazi. Ukugxekwa wayefana snitching. Nangona iinkokheli yiSoviet emva kokufa uLenin yaba elinesibini usatya ngamandla iiBolsheviks, oko phantse yonke ungandivumeli Kondratiev.

Ngaphandle kwaba uMikhail esibizwa. kamva Stalin blackmailed kuye umbutho elide kunye Kondratyev. UNikolai Bukharin inkxaso iingcamango theoretical component sisazinzulu (kwakhona xa Bukharin ityala kwaye isigwebo sokufa, kuquka yamaBolshevik umtyholwa ngokumanyene kwezopolitiko ngezoqoqosho hlaza).

ihlazo

Nangona "imijikelo Kondratieff" Kondratieff kunye nazo zonke ezinye iinzame zalo zoqoqosho ziye bahlaselwa kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, ISAZINZULU thiki ukuthatha kwizikhundla zabo ngaphandle umlo. Wamela nokufaneleka yakhe kwiijenali nakwiintlanganiso. Ingakumbi okuphawuleka waba intetho yakhe Communist Academy, leyo lwaqhutywa ngoNovemba 1926. Ukongeza, Kondratyev wabhala iingxelo kunye incwadi ukuya CC.

Ngowe-1927, kulindixesha "yamaBolshevik" a elikhulu osihloko sithi "IManifesto iqela kulak" wabonakala kwinqaku elilandelayo Zinoviev. Oku kucwangcisa i uncedo isandi apho izithonga yokugqibela ebulalayo amagalelo kamva yi Kondratiev. Emangalelwa sympathizing ngamanqindi phantsi socialism abazange izisongelo nje, kulandele izenzo yokwenene iKGB.

Umthandazo in aid

nezahlulo sethiyori incwadi Nikolaya Kondrateva waqalisa ukusuka ingcamango yokuba uqoqosho kufuneka kancane. Lo mgaqo kuchasene ngobungxamo kaStalin apho flywheel basonta mveliso eSoviet. Kakhulu oku 1928 Kondratiev yasuswa kule ubunkokheli ngumqondo lwabo - amaziko conjunctural, aze aphoswe ngaphandle ebomini zemfundo.

Ngowe-1930, UNikolai Sorokin wabhalela umhlobo ileta, enanikelwayo eUnited States ngokungekho mthethweni nge eFinland. Xa umyalezo sisazinzulu ochazwe ngokufutshane zamasikizi ezikhulayo ubunyani eSoviet: ukuhluthwa le kulaks emaphandleni, uxinzelelo nezazi. Ngaphandle umsebenzi Kondratiev mna emphethweni yindlala. Wacela ukuba uncedo Sorokina. Wajika kuSamuweli Harper - UNjingalwazi, University of Chicago, ngokufuthi watyelela eSoviet Union.

YokuBamba nokuvalelwa

Ngexesha elinye uhambo eSoviet Union izihlandlo eziliqela Harper idibene Kondratyev. Ngenye imini bobabini beza ekuvunyelwene pre-ukuthengisa, apho babelindele arhente GPU le. Kondratiev wabanjwa. Lo nyaka 1930.

Behleli entolongweni, abezoqoqosho kuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi. Xa ndiqukumbela, wabhala imisebenzi eziliqela. Ngokusemthethweni, UNikolai Kondratiev, ogama engobomi unxulunyaniswa Socialist-mbuso nkqu Kerensky, uye wazama ngezityholo Party Workers 'kwaye Abalimi'. Ngowe-1932, wagwetywa iminyaka esibhozo entolongweni. Kondratiev waya isolator Suzdal yezopolitiko. Apho waqhubeka ukubhala.

imodeli okuzinikela okumbaxa nemiba yezoqoqosho baye basinda umsebenzi omnye kuphela ixesha Suzdal. Ngoxa lokuvalelwa, ISAZINZULU wabukela njengoko kubafaneleyo ihlabathi ngodaba edumileyo kunye noqikelelo zoqoqosho sizaliseke. Okwangoku, waba amava ikrakra yokuzahlula ngetshova umsebenzi epheleleyo yenzululwazi.

Lokudubula nokuvuselelwa

Nangona avuliweyo iminyaka esibhozo, Kondratiev akazange alinde wenkululeko. Ngowe-1938, xa ukuphakama Terror Great, oko kugwetywa Collegium Military leNkundla ePhakamileyo USSR. 17 Septemba Scientist shot. ubundlobongela Indawo sele yepholigoni "Kommunarka". Kukho kwakhona nto a zinganakwa yaye engcwatyiwe.

Ngowe-1963, emva kokuba XX Congress of the CPSU, Kondratieff ke kwimeko yesiqhelo, nangona le nto ayizange esidlangalaleni. yezoqoqosho lemveli Scientific iminyaka emininzi yahlala into sokwehlisa nokugxeka nenzululwazi esemthethweni Soviet. Ekugqibeleni igama ezilungileyo Kondratieff zabuyiswa ngexesha perestroika, ngowe-1987, xa le yesibini ixesha kwimeko yesiqhelo (eli xesha nogxa egungxulweyo Aleksandrom Chayanovym).