IBhodi ye Prince Ivan Kalita. Ivan Kalita: Ebudeni bolawulo

imigaqo ezinkulu kuwa kwimbali ngoncedo ishishini labo, kungekhona isiteketiso, kodwa ke bona, kanye iinkcukacha kufanele ukuvumela inzala ukuvavanya ubungakanani umntu yomphathi. igama lakhe Kalita Ivan Danilovich ezifunyenwe ngethuba ubomi ukupha eboniswe ukuya kumahlwempu. Kalita - nemvaba, esipajini. E Moscow amazwe kwahlala banentsomi malunga nendlela Prince ukusasaza iingqekembe zesiliva, nto leyo wakhupha ibhegi yesikhumba oxhonywe ibhanti. Ukongeza, zingawucongi imali, Wathenga ulawulo eselumelwaneni, ngokuzimisela kumazwe ezintsha priraschivaya. Umntu kwetalente oluphawulekayo ozakuzo, ukrelekrele yaye nesisa, wasisebenzisa ndinokunyamezela, simanyene ilizwe ezininzi Russian nisekelwe urhulumente eMoscow - ukuba i-Grand iNkosana Moscow, uIvan Kalita, iminyaka wolawulo ogama - ukususela 1325 ukuya 1340 Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngayo.

A umzukulwana ka Aleksandra Nevskogo

Yemihla musa ukugcina iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo ngexesha wokuzalwa Ivan Danilovich: mbali bakhokelwa ukuba ixesha ukususela 1282 ngeminyaka 1283. Yena unyana wesine Moscow Prince Daniel Alexandrovich kunye nomzukulwana Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ngokutsho imithetho xesha unyana wesine ebesingenathemba yitrone njengenkosana, kodwa kwenzeka ukuba wathabatha igama Ivan I Kalita. Abalawuli of Russia badla ukubamba ofisi kawonke ngokungalindelekanga.

Umendo itrone

Sisihlandlo sokuqala Ivan Danilovich in the Novgorod Chronicle libhalwe kunyaka 1296 ngenxa imbonakalo yakhe kweso sixeko. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesine ke walawula Pereslavl-Zaleski, kwaye ngempumelelo basophula edabini yaseTver izinduna Akinfiev ngo-1305.

Ngowe-1303 uyise wafa Ivan Daniil Aleksandrovich, Netrone njengenkosana udlula umzalwana wakhe omkhulu uYuri, obelawula umhlaba eMoscow 1303 ngeminyaka 1325. Lonke eli xesha Ivan iye yanika inkxaso ngamandla kaYuri. Kudla inxaxheba kumaphulo waza waya Golden mkhosi uYuri Danilovich ngentliziyo ezolileyo bayishiya ulawulo, leyo wakhangela kakuhle emva Ivan Kalita. Ngexesha lokulawula kuka uYuri Danilovich - ngo 1303 ngenxa 1325 Ngeli xesha, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo nabanye abazalwana wambulala Ivan Kalita, kwaye xa ezandleni hlokondiba yaseTver prince uyafa Yury of eMoscow, kuza ubukumkani Ivana Kality.

Ukuqala kobukumkani

Yaba ixesha onzima. Hlokondiba Power uya ukuya lonke Russia. Kwaye ke ubukumkani kwinkulu Ndamphikisa anayo. Xa uYohane Danilovich wathabatha etroneni, kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye Golden mkhosi. Kukho ubhobhoyi konke wabonisa ubuchule bakhe omkhulu ozakuzo. Wakwazi ukuthethana kunye AmaTatar wabanika izipho zexabiso elikhulu ngaphezu wafuna ubukho zoxolo akhuselwe impangele ukusuka iyangena kwi AmaTatar, ebangela kakhulu iingxaki.

Ngaloo mihla, uxolo nenzolo ayefana akunakwenzeka. Ngapha koko, ukuba ilawulwa yi na imali yetempile omkhulu ixesha lokuyigxotha le Tatar kuphangwa, abamelwane - nabathetheli - ukuba Kunokusuka iphulo elitsha. EMoscow nabathetheli njalo ekhuphisana yaseTver. Kwaye yaseTver waba kwindawo engcono ngakumbi eMoscow. Waya, wema phezu iVolga, yaye baba zizityebi zokurhweba nyaka ngamnye ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba boyise kumazwe Russian. It luqondwa Ivan Danilovich Kalita. ngukumkani bamfundise umonde Iminyaka kwaye sebenzisa i drop-down amathuba, nkqu ezinkulu kakhulu.

Inxaxheba kwiphulo yokohlwaya nxamnye yaseTver kunye neziphumo zawo

Kwenzeka ntoni ngo-Agasti 1327 yaseTver mvukelo nxamnye AmaTatar, tverichey aqumbe, wajika indlela imbali ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Isiphumo uvukelo ethandwayo yaba ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo Tatar ekampini kwi hlokondiba akwazi ukunceda kodwa aphendule. Kwaye ngo 1328 yena ofakelwe uhambo yokohlwaya nxamnye yaseTver, apho iinkosana ezininzi, kuquka uIvan Kalita, iminyaka ukubusa ibisondele nje. Wayengenako ayiyi kuwugqitha, ndabona ke ingcinezelo saseTver amandla lwexesha elizayo Muscovite karhulumente. Emva kokoyiswa saseTver alawula kuye Prince Alexander wabalekela Pskov. Ivan Kalita evela Uzbek Khan bangena ilifa ubulawuli ka Kostroma kunye nokukwazi ukulawula Novgorod Omkhulu.

Emva kokufa yenkulu Suzdal ngo-1331 i-Prince of eMoscow ezenziwe ileyibheli Khan Uzbek (imvume) ukuba Grand Duchy of Vladimir waza waba yinkokheli kwenkqubo yezopolitiko lonke e Eastern Russia. Ukongeza, Ivan Danilovich, ebonisa amandla obalaseleyo, bacenga Khan ukuba yabo- sivumelwano: 1 Ivan Uzbek wayalela ukuba ukuqokelela irhafu zabantu kutshintshiselwano idinga ukuba ahlasele waza wathumela Baskakov. Omabini la macala ndizibambile izithembiso zabo, bavingca Tartars baphange ilizwe Russian, esoyika ingqumbo Uzbek kunye Kalita intlawulo epheleleyo irhafu lusekiwe.

ezindabeni yangaphakathi

Kronike baloo maxesha zimzukise ubukumkani Prince Ivana Danilovicha Kality: uthethathethwano kunye loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, eye ixesha ebalulekileyo uxolo nenzolo, apho kwenziwa iiprojekthi ezinkulu-ngomlinganiselo eziliqela, igalelo ukomeleza kakhulu amandla eMoscow kaThixo.

iminyaka engamashumi amane cwaka kwakunikelwa emhlabeni Russian Ivan Danilovich. Kude kube 1368 kwi ilizwe eMoscow wayengenguye kuhlasela enye. Indlela ukukwenza oko? Prince ngaphambi hlokondiba izibophelelo yayo yonke: yena rhoqo imbeko, wenza izipho ezininzi Khan, hlale esiza kuye.

Ivan Kalita: Ebudeni bolawulo

Ngomhla umbuzo ukuqokelela njani imali enkulu yemali, akukho impendulo enye. Sekunjalo, kwakusazeka ukuba ekuqaleni kobukumkani bakhe, inkosana wakwazi ukucima indlela evela abaphangi nabaphangi, chinivshih kubo ihlazo, ngokuba abasamkelayo isiqhulo yesibini - Good, ade azifikise abarhwebi eMoscow nendlwana, ukunyusa isantya kunye namasiko imisebenzi.

Ukongeza, eqonda ukuba abalawuli bendawo ethile inxalenye enkulu lerhafu eziqokelelweyo, Ivan Danilovich lusebenzise iindlela ezikhohlakeleyo ingqokelela ngokupheleleyo, Ukohlwaywa ulisela irhuluneli nceba kwabachasi zabo.

Ivan Danilovich wenze uhambo ezininzi ukuya emantla Russian, ngexesha nolubonise omnye umthombo wengeniso - lokuloba uboya. Ezi iindlela kusenokwenzeka, waza wamvumela ukuba kubalwa ngokupheleleyo nje kuphela i-Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, kodwa ukwenza utshintsho olukhulu ulawulo.

EMoscow - elikomkhulu zeCawa Russian

Ivan Danilovich wayengekho nje zonqulo, wayeqinisekile ukuzikhetha wabulela ngolwalathiso kaThixo, yaye babesenzelwa uncedo Metropolitan ekuphumezeni izicwangciso zazo ukuze ukudibanisa amazwe Russian kunye nokomelezwa kaRhulumente eMoscow. Ukunyamekela malunga nokhuseleko ubulawuli, Ivan Danilovich uphakamisa oki entsha yesicelo, olukhusela kumbindi wesixeko watyala kunye. Ngomhla kummandla yesicelo ukusuka kwiminyaka 1326 ukuya 1333, wakha iitempile ngamatye bozuko: Arkhangelsk, uMsindisi kwaye kwingcinga Cathedral, Church of Ioanna Lestvichnika kunye Church of the Kumbi.

Enye impumelelo ebalulekileyo Moscow umlo amanene ngenxa ubukhulu emazweni Russian le mpumalanga yi umfelandawonye isebe ombaxa, nto leyo ngaphezu kaYuri Danilovich.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le projekthi wokwakha grand nempembelelo isigqibo Metropolitan uPetros ukuba amalungiselelo yokuhlala yakhe eMoscow. Iminyaka eliqela wayefuna umhlaba ofanelekileyo ukulungiselela le njongo. Ngowe-1326 Metropolitan uPetros kuphumla kooyise, waza wangcwatywa eMoscow. Kamva, njengoko umthetheli Vladimir, Ivan Danilovich wenze Ukumiselwa uPetros.

IBhodi kunye nomsebenzi Ivan Kalita

Ngokusekelwe ngenkxaso esebenzayo yeCawa Orthodox Russian kwaye baphumeze inkqubo enobuchule wokuhlanganisa kumazwe Russian, Ivan 1 wayithenga okanye waphumelela ulawulo entsha, eshiya izintso igunya ezandleni abathetheli zasekuhlaleni, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba ubume zamasekela benganga eMoscow. Le nokubhala ngokomoya nguDmitry Donskoi, umzukulwana ka-Ivan Danilovich eboniswe wokujoyina mazwe Moscow ezithengwe ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo Uglich, galich kunye Merskogo Beloozero.

Nzima Ivan Danilovich ebesoloko babenobuhlobo yaseTver. Emva kwako kweminyaka 1337 ukuya 1327 imithetho yayo ngobulungisa abanyanisekileyo uKonstantin, kodwa emva koko wabuyela yaseTver Prince-ekuthinjweni, yena wasixolela Khan Uzbek, Alexander. Ukuqonda loo ngxabano uqalisa kwakhona, uIvan Danilovich waya loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, wanikela izipho Khan uphefumlela ukuba Alexander waye ukudlala umdlalo kabini, okwinkonzo Lithuania. Bona umthetheli saseTver kunye ukucwangcisa, kodwa ogqiba Kalita, kwaye ngo-1339 kwi-mkhosi Khan Uzbek abulawe naye kunye nonyana wakhe Theodore. Yena wamcinezela iintshaba zakhe, Ivan Kalita 1. Ngexesha lokulawula ungqamene yabakungcangcazelisayo ibe nzima, ngoko ke wadlala imithetho yakhe.

Evaluation ayephila unobhala oyintloko

Yaba impumelelo yokugqibela Ivan Danilovich. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1340 waba wagula kakhulu, umhlala wathabatha izifungo emishini kwi Spassky Monastery, yona yayakhelayo kufuphi nendawo yakhe. Apho wachitha iinyanga yakhe yokugqibela yobomi bakhe waza wafa ngoMatshi 1341.

Likwalondoloza lesikhumbuzo ophezulu zoncwadi, ebhalwe ngomnye lendela. Ibizwa ngokuba "Dumisani Ivan Kalita", apho izenzo kakhulu zithathwa kunye nezenzo "umqokeleli yelizwe Russian", nto leyo inkosana Ivan Kalita, engobomi, imigaqo-nkqubo ibhodi kunye neminqweno ezibe ngokuxhomekeke injongo efanayo amanene - ukudala isimo eMoscow.