Imbali kwinkampu yoxinaniso Sobibor. Abasindileyo abakhonkxiweyo ekuvalelweni Sobibor kwinkampu yoxinaniso

Kwinkampu edume lwamaNazi yoxinaniso Sobibor yaba yindawo lokubulala inqwaba yamaYuda. Ukubulala amagumbi esisi esetyenzisiweyo. Ngo-1943 kwakukho mvukelo kwi Sobibor ekufeni kweminquba, emveni kwayo yavalwa kwaye batshatyalaliswe ngabasemagunyeni ngokungenalusini karhulumente waseJamani.

Sobibor Construction

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1942 kwintsimi ahlala yi Wesithathu ePoland waqalisa "Operation uReinhard". Injongo yawo kwanokupheliswa ubunzima amaYuda abemi Roma. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abambalwa kwakhiwa iinkampu ekufeni, kuquka kwinkampu yoxinaniso Sobibor. Wafumana igama kwidolophana ekufutshane, kufuphi Lublin. Iziko Sasisebenza ngaphezulu kancinane ngaphezu konyaka. Ngeli xesha, 250.000 amaYuda yafa phakathi kweendonga zayo. umkhankaso wabo kohlanga akukho ngozi bajolise kummandla Poland. Kweli lizwe, ngosuku olwandulela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwakukho malunga nezigidi 3 amaYuda.

Yoxinaniso Sobibor kamu uxande ububanzi ogama 600 m, kwaye ubude - iimitha ezingama-400. Kunye kujikelezo kocingo ophezulu ngocingo oluhlabayo yayakhiwe, wazigquma ngobunono emasebeni omthi. Neendonga ifihliweyo abemi kwiilali ezingqonge yayibonisa ezimzelayo apho ngokuyalelwa abasemagunyeni ngamaNazi eJamani.

iziseko

inkampu eyaziwa Okubuhlungu yoxinaniso Sobibor wema phandle nxamnye imvelaphi namanye amaziko efanayo. Injongo yawo yile intshabalalo ebonakalayo amabanjwa. Uninzi iminquba abanye basebenzise amabanjwa njengoko abasebenzi free ezisetyenziswa kwiimeko ngokungenabuntu ubomi kunye nomsebenzi.

Injongo, nto leyo yaba yoxinaniso kwinkampu Sobibor, kwaye zaphenjelelwa layout yayo. It yahlulwa angaphathi ezintathu. Ngo namnye German ulawulo, amabanjwa kunye yesibini bafumana yenzelwe ngokufanelekileyo eyesithathu ezifunekayo ngokutshatyalaliswa amabanjwa abasanda kufika. Isixhobo engundoqo ukutshona amaYuda kule nkampu kwakukho amagumbi esisi. Bakhangela ngathi iishawa, leyo ukuhlalisa ukuya kubantu-170. Malunga cameras zafakwa iinjini itanki eziquka ekwahluleni monoxide carbon ungena kwigumbi ngemibhobho ezizodwa. Phantse onke amaYuda amadini ngale ndlela ngosuku lokuqala emva kokufika kwakhe. Bathi bakuba befikile kwinkampu sendleleni, kwaye ngoku silindele ukuba indlela kwingqesho. Phambi ukuhamba uhambo olude kwafika kwafuneka ngamnye ukuthatha ishawa. Ukongeza, ulawulo nkampu Wathabatha iimpahla kweentsholongwane ukuthintela ukunwenwa kwezifo kunye nezifo.

Sonderkommando

Amadoda nabafazi bahlukaniswa, kwaye iqela ngalinye ke egumbini layo. Yaye amabanjwa Ambhunyula kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba athathe iimpahla zexabiso. Abantwana zathunyelwa nabafazi. ezizodwa Sonderkommando zadalelwa ukuba kwenziwe le misebenzi. Bona yaqokelelwa amabanjwa kakhulu womelele kwaye usempilweni. Sonderkommando azizange walumkisa malunga ndawo. Kwakufuneka ukuthumela abantu esisi. Kakade ke, nabani na yathandabuza, ngoxa abanye inkani, ngokunjalo nolawulo idla wabhenela izisongelo nogonyamelo. Ezi special imikhosi zadalelwa ngenxa yokuba eqhelekileyo SS amagosa, usazi ukuba ekuya kufuneka ukuba uyenze, nje akwazi ukumelana zabo zomsebenzi ngengqondo alinamali. I Sonderkommando ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo kwakukho amatyala rhoqo ngokuzibulala.

inkampu yoxinaniso Sobibor amaNazi (ezifana Treblinka kunye Belzec) wadalwa ngokukodwa ngenxa yamaYuda, yaye ingakumbi enogonyamelo. Emva kokuba abantu gassed bagaywa ngokwaneleyo, ukuba kwatywinwa. Isithuba kondliwa carbon monoxide, imizuzu kunye nasemva 20 wayengekho ngaphakathi nawuphi na umntu ophilayo. inkqubo Iyonke ukusuka ukufika kubulawa wathabatha akukho ngaphezu kweeyure ezi-3. Le nkampu esebenza ngamaqela, phantse ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Xa yalivulayo kwegumbi, abathathi Sonderkommando kwafuneka ukuba asuse imizimba nizithele hlasi yazo amazinyo zegolide. Yonke into kwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kuba emva omnye ngololiwe kunye bakumaYuda entsha. isidumbu kamva.

kwinkampu

AmaYuda ukubulala kwiinkampu zoxinaniso kwanangaphambi ekugqibeleni kwakhiwa Sobibor. ukufa swa usebenza kwi ngokupheleleyo ngoMeyi 1942. AmaYuda kwaziswa bevela kwizixeko ezikufuphi Polish, eCzechoslovakia, Austria Germany. NgoJulayi, zikaloliwe apho uloliwe wafika kwinkampu yoxinaniso, yavalwa zokusilungisa, yaye wayeka okwethutyana ukusebenza. Kodwa ke xa amaJamani oxhaphaza kokunqumama kulwakhiwo esisi eziliqela, abajoyine Arsenal nenqaba kohlanga (Sobibor). Ubomi nokufa enkampini kamva ebhalwe ubungqina kwabasebenzi kunye namabanjwa kokubaleka. Ezinye zibonisa ziye esisetyenziselwe iimvavanyo waseLondon.

Ekwindla ka-1942 kule nkampu baqalisa kwakhona ukubaleka oololiwe. baqala abafikayo kakhulu ukufika evela eMpuma Compostela kunye Lublin (amawaka 200 abantu). Kwakukho eninzi yamaYuda Holland. Baba ngamaxhoba zakutshanje amabanjwa Sobibor of xian Lithuanian kunye Belarusian. Amngqonga ngoko amaYuda kwafuneka ukuba babhale iileta kwiintsapho zabo baye kufika ukholosile nalo enkampini. Oku kwenziwa kuluntu disinformation. Yonke into eyenzeke iinkampu ekufeni, kwaba yimfihlo karhulumente. Umzimba wazitshisa ngenjongo efanayo - ukufihla ubungqina ulwaphulo-mthetho.

ukulungiselela Soweto

Ebutsheni bowe-1943, amanye amabanjwa baqalisa ukuba ushiye emkhosini ukukhonza inkonzo yabo emigudwini. Baqhubeka ukwakha iminquba waza wahlala enqabeni yomkhosi kufuphi amagumbi esisi. Kule meko, kwakukho iqela daredevils abaye bagqiba ukwenza amalungiselelo uvukelo. Ekwindla ka-1943 amaYuda Sobibor ukusuka kwiindawo ezinabantu eSoviet baqalisa ukufika. Phakathi abafikayo Alexander Pechersky.

Le inzalelwane sephephandaba waza waba yinkokheli eqela phantsi komhlaba. Isicwangciso sokuqala yaba amabanjwa zam. Ukuze wenze oko, kwafuneka ukuba aye nge amabini cubic metres umhlaba uphinde ufihle phantsi emgangathweni. Ukumba kunokwenziwa kuphela ebusuku. Caves abekelwe icebo lakhe iqela elincinane labantu 65. Bonke bafuna ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukushiya Sobibor. Le mvukelo kwinkampu ekufeni, Noko ke, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba aququzelele iyelenqe enzulu. Malunga neenjongo zakhe abasabileyo wathi ngononophelo njengoko zinokutya umntu owayeza kuba bonke eqela CS. Kuyinto kwesi sigaba akaphumeleli uninzi ezi zicwangciso kwezinye iinkampu zoxinaniso.

Hi xikombiso, Alexander Pechersky, phambi kokuba ungene Sobibor, waba kwinkampu sendleleni Minsk. Kubekho komzamo ukubaleka. 50 AmaYuda (kufutshane Ghetto) hlasi izixhobo wavuma umqhubi ukuba zekheshi ingqalelo ngexesha elimisiweyo uthathe kubo ngokuthanda. Le ndoda wadlula iyelenqe, emva koko bahlukunyezwa nezinja behlohla. amabanjwa Half-abafileyo bazipheka waphila emachibini yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, amaYuda Sobibor lucky. ngasese ukuze kungabikho namnye wavula.

Ngomhla obandulela ukubaleka

Noko ke, kungekudala kwacaca ukuba ingcamango emgodini kufuneka kushiywa. Okokuqala, abantu 65 nje ngokwenyama Andinaxesha ukubaleka emngxunyeni elimxinwa ngabusuku bunye, kude enqabeni hlangana ukhuseleko. Okwesibini, kwanokuba zonke akaphumeleli, yaye amaNazi ibingayi got oko kusifanele. Ngaphambi nje kokuba mvukelo amabanjwa abasebenza enqabeni efanayo ivaliwe, nasesangqeni isakhiwo wabeka ukhuseleko ezingaphezulu.

Eminqubeni, beqale ukudubula. Abo babemenzele iyelenqe sele wayesoyika ukuba izicwangciso zabo kuvezwe. Noko ke, unobangela yombhodamo lwahlukile. Ngaloo mini, Oktobha 11, 1943, eminqubeni, kwafika omnye ibhetshi ukuzibulala. Aba bantu thile malunga baya bahlangana Sobibor. kwinkampu yoxinaniso, ogama imbali yinto umlando eqhubekayo ukubulawa kunye kohlanga, ngemini wamgquma igazi. AmaYuda ukuba bafunde ngenjongo "iishawa", sele ingenazo saa. Isihlwele ngokuphakuzela Wabachithachitha Sonderkommando, kodwa ndawo apho ukuya kuyo. Ubuninzi, nto leyo mhlawumbi banganokufikelela ekuhlaseleni, ngoko besa eludongeni ngocingo oluhlabayo. Apho badibana i iwotshi imibutho ngomlilo.

Ukubulala kwamagosa SS

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, unogada kwi Sobibor eyayiqokelelwe amabanjwa emfazwe owavumayo basebenzisana. Abaninzi kubo baye baqeqeshwa kwezinye kwinkampu Polish yoxinaniso - Trawniki. Kodwa njongo iphambili zabe zange ngenxa yabo, kwaye ke amagosa SS phila ubomi eminqubeni. Indawo efihlakeleyo ukubulala waba yocweyo eyenzelwe.

October 14 waba ngowokuqala wabulala Untersturmführer Berg wasekuhlaleni, abeza ukulinganisa iyunifomu entsha. Xa ndandiphazanyiswa zakhe iingubo, omnye nabavukeli wawabetha igosa entloko ngezembe. Yena wawa kanzima. Kwesidumbu ilele phezu kwesi ngqengqelo, egubungele iingubo zakhe. Intloko yabalindi elandelayo nkampu wambulala Michael. Ngelo xesha elinye iqela ngokukodwa ezikhethiweyo saboteurs ukusika ngcingo ngomnxeba.

Emva kokuba lokuqala imfihlelo abasabileyo zokubulawa ezandleni imipu 11 ezithatyathwe amaNazi, nemipu 6 eziye ngaphambili ezibiweyo efihliweyo drainpipe. Arsenal baba ngaphezu uNothozamile. Le ndawo imizuzu kwinkampu iseti weva impempe. Kwakuyinto umqondiso ngenxa yokuvukela. Walumkisa amaYuda ayila column. Baqala njalo imvukelo sivule Sobibor. Malunga qhankqalazo wayesazi ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha amabanjwa. Bathe ke bona abanye, kuba becala wahlala enqabeni yawo nje ndibonisele. Babemnqula ubundlobongela wayethembe ukunyaniseka ukusindisa ubomi bakhe. Ixesha lubonise ukuba engalunganga.

isidube-dube

Xa ikholam sabavukeli wakha Caves wayithumela ezikhalini. Ukuba iqela liye zifakwe inani elikhulu izixhobo ukubulala onke amaJamani ngokubanzi. Noko ke, malunga nendawo baba emplacements umatshini-umpu. nomlilo wabo onzima Tamare wayengekanikezelwa naliphi na ithuba atyhudise, abheke sixhobo. Ngoko Caves isigqibo esichengeni kwaye ukubaleka kude enkampini ngamasango, ezibe kufutshane zezindlu amagosa '. Edubula, kodwa ngenxa iiyure abaye babulawa.

Ngoku abasabileyo waba kakhulu nzima - Kwathi uchul olubiyele inkampu. Abavukeli bafuna ukuba ngokukhawuleza njengoko emahlathini, apho kwenzeka ukuba ndibachithachithe kuwo onke amacala. Uninzi imithi endleleni babulawa yimigodi. Ukanti abanye yakwazi ukuhamba Sobibor. kwinkampu yoxinaniso, uluhlu yamabanjwa ngoku myuziyam zesizwe lwamaSirayeli azinikele Ngenkohlakalo, kukade icangcisiwe phantsi ingqalelo ekupheleni SS, namadindala baqhubeka ukukhangela ukuba amabanjwa abalekile.

Caves isiqinisekiso

Imvukelo yamaYuda kwiinkampu ekufeni (Sobibor wabelithiyiwe) kwakunjalo kuphela kusinde ngempumelelo kumaziko lwamaNazi ezinjalo. October 14 bekukho 550 amabanjwa. abantu 80 babulawa ngelixa ezama ukubaleka, kwaye malunga ne-170 baseJamani babanjwa kwaye babulawa ngexesha lokucinga. Inxalenye ebonakalayo amabanjwa akazange athathe inxaxheba ukubaleka. Bonke aba bantu basala enkampini. Bona babulawa amaJamani phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuba umyalelo Sobibor wabuyiselwa.

Wakwazi ukubaleka 53 nesibindi. Abanye babo, njengaye, Alexander Pechersky, wathabatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kweeyunithi yabanqolobi kwi Ezomva amaJamani. Inkokeli ngabavukeli kuqala watyelela eMoscow, apho waye wathunyelwa ngokunxamnye ulawulo ethandwayo ukuthumela abathinjiweyo wanikezela Red Army kwi ithathele. Xa ikomkhulu yiSoviet Union wangqina Commission State Caves. Kwatsho kwathi bezibandakanya ababhali Veniamin Kaverin (kwakhona umYuda) kunye Paul Antokolsky. Iziphumo ibali eningenakukholwa yiyo le Caves. indaba yakhe emangalisayo kangangokuba phambi kwakhe akukho mntu waba nako ukuphuma kubo kwinkampu yoxinaniso aze asinde. Kaverin Antokolsky yaye kungekudala ikhuphe mzobo bezobugcisa mvukelo e Sobibor. Wangena iNcwadi Black - ingqokelela epapashwe yi imikhosi yamaYuda Committee Antifascist. Emva kwemfazwe, lo mbutho uye waba yenjongosenzi ingcinezelo karhulumente eSoviet. Ngoko ke, umphandle ababhali ababini abafundi USSR abangabubonanga de ngoko, de ukuhluza kwayekwa.

Bayahlelwa kweminquba

ukubaleka ngempumelelo amabanjwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso (Sobibor yaba indawo eyoyikisayo ngokwenene) iye imnyanzele nabasemagunyeni Wesithathu ukuba kwakhona sengqondo yayo kule ndawo. Emva kuka-1943, Genrih Gimmler watyelela apha - Empire Minister of Internal Affairs iJamani, Itsho indoda eyaba intloko umbhexeshi uMlawuli emva yokuGqibela Solution umgaqo-nkqubo. Wagqiba Ekugqibeleni ukuguqula le mveliso yokufa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yesiqhelo. Ke kwakukho ngezigaba le yamaYuda abasebenzi yokuqala '. Njengoko sisazi, amanye amabanjwa akwazi ukuhamba Sobibor. Le mvukelo yakhokelela kwinkampu ukufa e Berlin ngumsindo. Kwagqitywa ukuba siyitshabalalise. Lonke iziseko sisusiwe, yaye indawo kulinywa kwaye yaba kumasimi yemifuno.

Emva kokoyiswa Germany zamaNazi waya Sobibor Polish umsebenzi karhulumente. bemba bathwalwa phandle. Iingcali ziye zafumanisa imizila ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namaqumrhu unburnt amaxhoba kweminquba. Namhlanje endaweni yayo yi sisikhumbuzo azinikele memory lamaxhoba Wesithathu.