Adam Oleary: Uhambo, ubomi emva kwabo, ukuze imisebenzi

In XVII-XVIII eminyaka. BaseYurophu wakha umfanekiso kwabo Russia ngokusekelwe nesixhobo le ncwadi, eyabhalwa Adam Olearius. Le ndoda iye watyelela izihlandlo ezithathu impangele. Ngoko Russia wabiza abantu baseNtshona. Olearius washiya inkcazelo eneenkcukacha ubomi nemiyalelo Russian. amanqaku akhe wenza ngoxa kule ofisi, ehavshem wasePersi.

Childhood and Education

Umhambi Adam Olearius wazalwa September 24, 1599 kwidolophu waseJamani ka Aschersleben. Weza kwintsapho yokusebenza-class elula. Uyise waba othungayo. Intloko yentsapho, wafa nje emva kokuzalwa unyana wakhe. Nangona iingxaki zemihla ngemihla kunye nobuhlwempu, uAdam waba nako ukubhalisa kwiYunivesithi Leipzig. Ngowe-1627 waba Master of Philosophy.

Isazinzulu Young waqala ukusebenza waseyunivesithi lwakhe ekhaya, kodwa ke umsebenzi wakhe wokufunda yaphazamiseka ngenxa emibi War Years '. Kwegazi ezichaphazelekayo Saxony. Adam Oleary wagqiba ekubeni abeke ubomi bakhe waza waya emantla, ukuya apho imfazwe soze kufikelelwe. Sobulumko bafumana ikhusi kwinkundla Duke Frederick III of Holstein. Olearius akazange kuphela sobulumko kodwa orientalist, mbali, yezibalo physics. Wayesazi iilwimi yaseMpuma. Duke bamdumisa ezi zakhono enqabileyo shiya nzulu kwinkonzo yakhe.

uhambo lokuqala

Ngowe-1633, uFrederick III wathumela wozakuzo yayo yokuqala eRashiya namaPersi. I-Duke wayefuna ukuqala amakhonkco zorhwebo obomeleleyo kwezityebi elikhulu ezi lizwe, apho bathengisa impahla enqabileyo esibalulekileyo baseYurophu. Okokuqala onke amaJamani babenomdla ekuthengeni le silika mpuma. Xa intloko mission nonozakuzaku kaThixo wabeka Philipp von Kruzenshtern nomi Otto brugman. Adam Oleary waba itoliki kunye nonobhala, ukubhala konke okwenzekileyo kunye amaJamani uhambo lwabo. Yiyo le phawu kwamenza kamva nokumisa amanqaku zakhe ezininzi kwaye ipapashe incwadi malunga eRashiya, nto leyo eye zithandwa kakhulu eNtshona Yurophu.

Kwakukho abantu-36 kule ofisi. Ngokutsho Adam Oleary, le oonozakuzaku indlela wadlula Riga, Narva kunye Novgorod. AmaJamani ngokusemthethweni bafika eMoscow ngo-Agasti 14, 1634. Kwikomkhulu, nonozakuzaku uzama iinyanga 4. Russian Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich (wayeyikumkani yokuqala Romanov ubukhosi) eye wavumela ezinye izizwe ukuba bahambe ngokukhululekileyo ku wasePersi. Noko ke, le njongo iye ivele phambi kokuba ofisi elandelayo. Okokuqala thimba wafumana imvume elizayo, wagoduka waza wabuyela Gottorp ngo-Apreli 1635. Ngokutsho umphengululi waseJamani Adam Olearius, eMoscow bazamkela ngezandla ezishushu. Kwakhona uMikhail Fedorovich wayenomdla nakunxibelelwano baseYurophu, njengoko befuna ukuba asebenzisane ne-Russian. Kuba iinyanga ezine sixeko iiveki ezimbalwa endleleni Adam Oleary abhalwe ngenyameko ephepheni konke oko kubonwa.

hambo lwesibini

Frederick III wayenelisekile kokwenziwa iziphumo nonozakuzaku lokuqala lokuqala. Wayengathethi ukuba ayeke apho waza waqala ukuqokelela uhambo yesibini. Ngeli xesha, umphengululi Adam Olearius akazange nje unobhala-umguquleli, kodwa umcebisi we Embassy. AmaJamani kwafuneka aye ngokoqobo ukuya ekupheleni kwehlabathi - e-Asia, apho nkqu ngenkulungwane XVII, waba phantse akukho baseYurophu.

Ngokutsho Adam Oleary, thimba waya kuLwandle eHamburg-Oktobha 22, 1635. Ababekhwele kweso sikhephe baba izipho ezininzi kwi-Russian Tsar kunye Persian Shah Safi I. Kodwa uhambo kuthatha malunga Hogland Island kuLwandle lweBaltic, umkhombe iphele ngomhla ematyeni. zonke izipho klk kulahlekile. ukuba ukubulala abantu, kunzima kufika elunxwemeni Hogland. Ngenxa yale sizi amaJamani ayenalo kwenyanga ezula ejikeleza kwi zibuko noLwandle Baltic ukuya iinqanawa.

Ekugqibeleni izigidimi e Revel. Ekupheleni kukaMatshi 1636 bafudukela eMoscow, yaye ngoJuni bafudukela wasePersi. Indlela wayebaleka nonozakuzaku Kolomna kunye Nizhny Novgorod. Izibuko lendawo iLübeck inkosi Pre-eyakhelwe umkhumbi shlezvigtsev kuyo bona wehla iVolga waya kuLwandle lweCaspian. Ngokutsho Adam Oleary, ezi zithuthi nazo ezisetyenziswa nabarhwebi kunye nabalobi, ezingelwa kulo mlambo zeentlanzi sisityebi. Kwaye eli xesha Embassy akazange umiselwe ukugqiba uhambo lwabo ngaphandle kwesiganeko. storm Raffle silatyuzwa iphenyane elunxwemeni kufuphi kwilali Azerbaijani Nizabat. Ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba, amaJamani wafika kumda Shamakhi.

Hlalani ePersi abuyele ekhaya

Ukanti iinyanga ezine, kwafuneka alinde ukuba imvume esemthethweni Shah ukuba uqhubeke. Ngokutsho sisazinzulu German Adam Oleary, yoosaziwayo babekulungele kuba, eqonda ukuba imikhwa nezithethe yezizwe Mpuma zahluke kakhulu ukusuka yaseYurophu. Ngo-Agasti 1637 wozakuzo wafika Isfahan - elikomkhulu wasePersi. Apho bahlala de kube sekupheleni kukaDisemba. Le ndlela ibuyisele nge Astrakhan, Kazan kunye Nizhny Novgorod. NgoJanuwari 2, 1639 Adam Olearius wabuyela eMoscow. Russian Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich waphawula waza wacela ukuba ahlale naseRussia njengohlobo umphengululi enkundleni sezibalo. Kodwa Oleary wala le mbeko, yaye ngoAgasti 1639 wabuyela eJamani. Xa th 1643 Wabuya watyelela eMoscow, kodwa kungekhona Tyelela elide. Lowo ngexesha lokugqibela Olearius watyelela eRashiya.

lonke hambo intlekele. Kubiza imali eninzi duchy, kodwa akukho sivumelwano kurhwebelwano ne ePersi nge mmandla Russian ayizange wavuma. Ukongeza, intloko Otto brugman Umzi wommeli-lizwe kakubi amandla abo, nto ke leyo ebangele wasityhobozela ungquzulwano kunye noogxa. Emva kokubuyela ekhaya, umphengululi waseJamani Adam Olearius waba umtshutshisi enkundleni ngokuchasene umqeshi wakhe. Brugmann ababulawa inkunkuma ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokungaphumeleli Duke nemimiselo.

incwadi Oleary

Ngowe-1647 incwadi yapapashwa Oleary "Inkcazo Iindawo ezinika umdla ku impangele" apho azichaza a maxesha epheleleyo uhambo lwakhe ukuya eMpuma. Incwadi nangoko wazuza ithandwa ngokubanzi. Umelo baseYurophu malunga eRussia kakhulu usithe, yaye ngolangazelelo zayidla naluphi na ulwazi malunga kweli lizwe elikude. Kokuqamba Olearius kukade icangcisiwe iinkcukacha ezininzi lebyi natyebileyo. Kwiphepha ngalinye le ncwadi wazibonakalisa ngolwazi lwakhe, erudition nawazibonayo. Lo msebenzi yaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezininzi zaseYurophu. Ingxenye yencwadi Olearius waba umthombo zisasebenza iingcinga malunga impangele ngemiyalelo yakhe vurhongo nezingaqhelekanga.

Ukongeza, ixabiso okhethekileyo ezifunyenwe uxhonyiwe imizobo ubhedu ebonisa engaqhelekanga ukuba baseYurophu imizobo zobomi Russian. kwaba Umbhali yazo ngokwakhe Adam Oleary. Transport and uhambo ukuphumla bavunyelwe ukuthatha zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko. Imizobo badalwa ngqo ngethuba uhambo emanyathelweni yokuvela ezintsha. akugqiba Thina sele eJamani. EYurophu yagqitywa imizobo, ebonisa abemi impangele. Ingakumbi kule Oleary nazo ekhaya izinxibo Russian kuzwelonke, kwakunye njengemizekelo uhlobo kusetyenziswa bakhaya enxibe ukudla iilokhwe kaftans.

imbonakalo Russian

incwadi Oleary yahlulwa izahluko ezininzi, nganye eyayisingethe omnye okanye enye inkalo zobomi Russian. Ngokwahlukeneyo, umbhali wachaza imbonakalo kunye nempahla Iwabemi impangele. iinwele ezinde basebenzisa kuphela kubabingeleli. Iingangamsha waba iinwele rhoqo. Abafazi wayemthanda kwaqapheleka kunye belitsya, kunye evropeek kakhulu ngakumbi ukuba uyithanda kakhulu lweenkobe eJamani.

Menswear Oleary ingqalelo efana kakhulu kwanakumGrike. Egqugqisileyo baba iihempe ebanzi kunye nebrukhwe ukuba zigugile iibhatyi elide kwaye emxinwa, ejinga emadolweni. Indoda nganye wayenxibe umnqwazi ebukeka ukuba akwazi ukuchonga uphawu iwonga lomntu. Abathetheli, iingangamsha kunye nabacebisi zikarhulumente iyaqhutywa kubo kwiintlanganiso zoluntu. Iminqwazi ngenxa yabo zazenziwe iingcuka zexabiso okanye Sable. abemi abaqhelekileyo ehlotyeni ayenxiba iminqwazi ngoboya emhlophe, yaye ebusika - ngelaphu.

Russian iibhutsi ezimfutshane sazama amanye phambi yesikhumba Russian okanye Morocco wakhumbuza izihlangu Polish. Ngokutsho sisazinzulu Adam Oleary, amantombazana wahamba izihlangu kunye izithende eziphakamileyo. zedrama ooMama zifana gqitha la madoda, kodwa ke iingubo zabo ngokubanzi kancinci yaye mbini ngentsontelo yemisonto umbala kunye qhina negolide.

Nutrition kunye nentlalontle Muscovites

Isazinzulu German wenze kakhulu amanqaku ubomi nentlalo-ntle Russian. Bonke aba nomdla kakhulu kule ukuyo Adam Oleary. Ngokutsho sisazinzulu waseJamani, abemi impangele baba ehlupheke kakhulu amaJamani. Nokuba basebukhosini, umnini Terem kunye amabhotwe, bazakhela kuphela kule minyaka engamashumi edlulileyo, kwaye phambi koko, yaye wayehlala pretty embi. Ukuthetha ngale xesha, Olearius wayebhekisela Ixesha Iingxaki, xa eRussia ihlasele yimfazwe yamakhaya kunye nongenelelo Polish.

evulekileyo izidlo ngemihla yayiquka theniphu, okuziinkozo, ikhaphetshu, yemixoxozi, ityuwa kunye nentlanzi fresh. Ngoxa avareji kunamaYurophu 'izitya ubuthathaka yaye uethe-ethe,' akukho nanye Russian wayengazi yaye akazange azame. Oleary waphawula ukuba amadlelo zobungangamela impangele wanikela imvana elungileyo, inyama yenkomo kunye yehagu. Noko ke, Russian omncinane wadla inyama, njengoko weza phantse isiqingatha evela uzilo engqongqo kwikhalenda zabo Orthodox. Indawo izitya ezahlukeneyo zeentlanzi exutywe nemifuno.

Oleary wayezibuza uhlobo olulodwa iibhisikithi Russian, leyo kuthiwa amaqebengwana leyo. In impangele yaba eninzi Intlanzi caviar, leyo bathumela i imiphanda kwi iinqwelo sleds. Ngokutsho sisazinzulu Adam Oleary, ezi zithuthi nazo zisetyenziselwa ukuziswa nezinye iimveliso ebezingekenziwa emizini hayi.

polity

Ingakumbi Oleary wachaza inkqubo karhulumente Russian. Kwindawo yokuqala, sathi kwindawo wakukhonza amakhosi ephakamileyo malunga ukumkani wakhe, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kudluliselwa amagosa-kwinqanaba elisezantsi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Kwinkulungwane XVII kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo kwi Russian isohlwayo sokubetha. Bona izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene basebukhosini kunye nabarhwebi osisityebi, umzekelo, unexcused ndiphoswe ababukeli kunye nomlawuli. Isimo kukumkani uthixo wabethelela esemncinane. Abadala aphefumlelweyo eli lungiselelo abantwana babo, baze nabo abantwana babo. EYurophu, imiyalelo esele kwixesha elidlulileyo.

Oleary, ukufunda imeko izinduna, waphawula ukuba bakhonze nje kuphela kukumkani kwimicimbi karhulumente, kodwa kwiinkundla nee-ofisi. Ngoko ke German waba mkhwa ngokuba imithetho yakhe - Ministries Russian ngaphambili. Total kwabalelwa ofisi Oleary 33. Kwakhona wathi ubungqongqo iinkundla eMoscow. Ukuba umntu utyhola zobusela, kuba liqalisa uzama ukufumanisa ukuba awayekubile into enye. Ngenyama akatswe, ngeempumlo banduluka kunye t. D.

Iinkundla ezininzi efana iinkundla kwamatyala kunye abanamatyala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abanjalo anyulelwa ixesha ngexesha apho unokukwazi ukuhlawula ngokusemthethweni imali efunekayo. Ukuba onetyala engasahambisani kweli xesha, ngoko ke wathunyelwa ukuya entolongweni unetyala okhethekileyo kaThixo. Ezi amabanjwa zathathwa yonke imihla kwisitrato phambi Chancellery Ukohlwaywa kwethu ezibetha iinkuni ngomhla shins.

I Orthodox

E Moscow Ngenkulungwane XVII, kukho inani elikhulu iicawa wathi uAdam Oleary. Bishops minyaka yonke laqalisa ukwakhiwa amabandla amatsha. Oleary libalwa kwikomkhulu Russian, 4000 ababingeleli lwabemi elipheleleyo labantu malunga 200 amawaka. Lendela bahamba isixeko iingubo ezinde ezimnyama, phezu kuzo iingubo umbala omnye. Ezinye iimpawu umyalelo baba itshimini zazo (iminqwazi) kunye nezibonda.

Ukuze ube ngumbingeleli, indoda kwafuneka ukuba eqinisekisiweyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba bapase iimviwo ukuqinisekisa iKomishoni ukuba uyakwazi ukufunda, ukubhala uhadi. Lendela Muscovite elingaphezulu kakhulu kumazwe aseYurophu. Oku kwaqatshelwa yi-Adam Olearius. Bishops eMoscow wathabatha unonophelo yoonongendi ezininzi kungekuphela eMoscow kodwa saa kulo lonke elo lizwe ngaphandle imizi. German encwadini yakhe wabethelela ukuba ababingeleli Russian bezele zizinto Orthodox yaseByzantium, yaye inxalenye odolo zazo ezichasene kwizithethe zamaKatolika. Umzekelo, ababingeleli ukuba atshate aze abantwana, lo gama entshonalanga ukuqala intsapho kwakungenakwenzeka. Kubelekwa babhaptizwa ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa. Kwaye oku kwenziwa kuphela abefundisi kwiintsapho zabo, kodwa zonke abaqhelekileyo. Ubhaptizo ucaphula Bekufuneka ngenxa yokucingela ukuba bonke abantu bazalwa esonweni, yaye kuphela izithethe ukucocwa ungagcina umntwana ityhefu.

Bishops waya eMoscow nempahla ezizodwa, igqunywe ngelaphu omnyama. Ngokutsho Adam Oleary, le izithuthi wagxininisa indawo lomhlali ekhethekileyo. Kungekudala emva koko, sele phantsi noAleksei Mikhailovich wabonakala umqeqeshi, owaqalisa ukusebenzisa oomawokhulu kunye metropolitans. Ukuba onke amadoda kakumkani babenqula uthixo, kwaye kumkani yena kwafuneka ukuba bathobele ngokungqongqo yayo yonke, nangokwamasiko zeCawa, kwaye oko ke akukho kwahluka kwizifundo zakhe. ngekhulu XVII Russian lwalandela kwikhalenda. Rhoqo ngeCawa umbhiyozo inkonzo etempileni, yaye ukumkani ukuya khona, okanye ebandleni egqubuthele intloko.

iVolga

E Nizhny Novgorod, kwinkulungwane XVII wayehlala Russian, nangezinto baseJamani. Ngoko ke, ngaba isixeko osempuma apho yamaLuthere Church kwaye bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhululekileyo unqulo lwabo. Xa uAdam Oleary efikile apho, uluntu waseJamani kwakuba abantu ezilikhulu. Oonyana bolunye uhlanga efika Nizhny Novgorod ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Abanye Sizibandakanye ukuphisa, abanye amagosa omkhosi, abanye othathe distillery.

Ngeenqanawa Nizhny Novgorod ukufika bevela kulo lonke iVolga. Ngokutsho Adam Oleary, ezi zithuthi sebenzisa "Cheremis AmaTatar" (oko kukuthi, Mari), owayehlala phantsi iVolga. Isazinzulu German wabashiya isincoko ukwazi. Cheremis, zivela elunxwemeni lasekunene iVolga, ebizwa obhudlayo. Babehlala kwizindlu elula, badla umdlalo zasendle, nobusi, kananjalo nangenxa yokuba izilwanyana.

Kunika umdla ukuba le ncwadi bendawo bengingqi Olearius ebizwa ngokuba "Abantu karhataka, inenkohliso kunye nokukhafula." Ngokuqinisekileyo ke wazala phantsi ephepheni ezo amarhe, ezazithandwa phakathi abaqhelekileyo Russian iVolga onxungupheleyo Cheremisses. notoriety onjalo ngenxa yokuba abaninzi babo, yaye ngenkulungwane XVII baba nabahedeni.

Le minyaka yokugqibela ka Adam Oleary

Oleary uninzi lobomi bakhe wachitha Schleswig. Wayehlala kwinkundla Duke, yaba yezibalo kunye unolayibrari. Ngowe-1651 yena eyalwa iqhuba le projekthi - kwendalo Gottorp zomhlaba. Ngelo xesha ingenzeka yaba likhulu ehlabathini (ubukhulu yayo iye yafika eziimitha ezintathu). Isakhelo, izakhiwo umthwalo ngokuzala kunye kwenziwa amalungiselelo phantsi kolwalathiso Oleary kangangeminyaka eliqela. Frederick III, yaba umqalisi le projekthi, akazange aphile ngokuvisisana kokuvulwa umhlaba. Kwathiwa ke le zikarhulumente zilandelayo luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi Christian Albrecht.

Globe ine kwisisu lwangaphakathi apho yabekwa itafile kunye yeNZ kuyo 12. Yiya ngaphakathi uyakwazi ngomnyango. Kwicala elingaphandle imephu Emhlabeni isicelo. Ngaphakathi iziko kunye namakroza. Uyilo onale. Amakhadi ezimbini ngaxeshanye uphendule. Phantsi Peter I wonke kwakunikelwa yi Russia. Wagcinwa kwi Kunstkammer, utshiswe ngomlilo ngo-1747. Ukususela ummangaliso zobunjineli geospatial wacinga kuphela ugcine ucango, ngelo xesha agcinwe iwayini. Kamva wadalwa ikopi imodeli yokuqala.

Ukongeza kwiincwadi malunga eRashiya ehlabathini-iziko Adam Oleary nezinye amaphulo amaninzi. Wabhala iprozi, fiction iguqulelwe, wada wenza yesandla ye magama wasePersi. Kodwa sisazinzulu idumileyo kwaba kanye ngenxa uhambo lwakhe ukuya eMpuma, yaye amanqaku malunga Russia. Adam Oleary wafa ngo-1671.