ERavensbrück: inkampu yoxinaniso female

ERavensbrück (a kwinkampu yoxinaniso) lwenzelwe kwabasetyhini. Yandile kucingwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso inkulu amaNazi amabanjwa ababhinqileyo. Kuba lonke ixesha lokubakho kwalo iqulethwe malunga 130.000 amabanjwa. Le nombolo ayikho yokugqibela, njengokuba amaninzi abhaliswa njengenxalenye amaxwebhu yatshatyalaliswa ngamalungu SS.

Kwakhona, akunakwenzeka ukuba zibale inani kwabafileyo eRavensbrück. Amanani elingcangcazelisayo; ebantwini-50 ukuya 92 amawaka.

eminqubeni indawo

Ifunyanwa eRavensbrück (a kwinkampu yoxinaniso) kumantla eJamani, 90 ngeekhilomitha ukusuka Berlin. igama lakhe edibene lali, nto leyo kufuphi. Inguqulelo yokoqobo igama yaseJamani - "Magpie Bridge". Namhlanje, le ndawo bobabo kwisixeko Fürstenberg.

indalo

ERavensbrück waqala khona isigqibo Genriha Gimmlera ngo-1938. kulwakhiwo wayo umsebenzi lwaqhutywa amabanjwa kwezinye iinkampu. Ngo-1939, oko safumana amabanjwa yayo yokuqala. Bona 867 nabafazi baqhubeka nokwanda kwalo.

Ukususela ngo-1940, eminqubeni yaqala ukubonakala inkampani:

• textile noshishino ngesikhumba;
• inkxalabo electrotechnical "Siemens";
• zomkhosi nezamashishini.

ERavensbrück abaninzi subcamp, apho ibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

amabanjwa

Ekuqaleni, eminqubeni kwaku abameli eJamani, ukuziphatha kunye nendlela yobomi yayo "ungayihlazisi uhlanga." Phakathi kwabakhonkwixeyo sasingabalweli nokumelana esebenzayo, abameli amaNgqina kaYehova nabafazi baziphathe kakubi.

Kule isithuba yaseRavensbrück (a kwinkampu yoxinaniso, ifoto apho zinikezelwe izinto zethu) ibone nabameli bezizwe ezininzi (ngaphezu kwama-40). Phakathi kwabo kwakukho baseJamani, a Pole, a lwesigypsy, isiFrentshi, yamaYuda, Belgian, Romanians nabanye. Kuquka phakathi kwabakhonkwixeyo ababhinqileyo kunye namabanjwa Soviet emfazwe.

Ngokutsho uluhlu wokubhalisa we-kweminquba, bekukho abangaphezu kwe-132 lamawaka abafazi (kuquka abantwana), 20 lamawaka amadoda.

Uluhlu abanye abafazi amabanjwa:

• Dina Babbitt - ngomzobi Czech nomkroli.
• Maya Berezovskaya - artist Polish.
• Pol Bernar - French Red Cross umongikazi.
• Galina Birenbaum - umYuda evela ePoland, umbhali, yimbongi.
• Zheneveva De Gaulle-Antonioz - French, osisithethi lomzabalazo, lo nomtshana uMongameli Fifth Republic e-France.
• Zhyulett Greko - imvumi French kunye weqonga.
• Maria Filomena Dolanskaya - umfazi Czech, utitshala kunye nhloko.
• Milena Jesenská - intatheli Czechoslovak.
• Philippine eRothschild Sereys - Baroness, umnini-sidiliya odumileyo Inqaba Mouton eRothschild.
• Vanda Yakubovskaya - Polish umlawuli film.

Ezi amagama nje ambalwa amashumi amawaka, ukuze bafunde ukuba kwinkampu yoxinaniso enjalo ababhinqileyo eRavensbrück.

schedule eminqubeni

Ngoko nangoko xa efika kwi eminqubeni bonke abasetyhini babe iinkqubo ezifanayo, nokuba ixesha lonyaka. Baye nqunu esitalatweni, usike iinwele zabo, wazithabatha zonke izinto zobuqu kunye namaxwebhu. Ngoko walinda ithuba labo sokuhlambela, emva koko wafumana iimpahla, amagumbi, Winkel yaza yathunyelwa ezikolweni ngo enqabeni yomkhosi.

Bonke abafazi banikwa ilokhwe nenemizila slippers ngomthi. Kulo ingubo, bahamba na imozulu. ERavensbrück, amabali ezi ke ziyafumaneka memoirs ezahlukeneyo, waba ingakumbi ezingaphucukanga. amabanjwa amaninzi female kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahambe zihlangu lonke ixesha ngenxa ukunika kwiziphelo frostbite.

Le nkampu kusetyenziswa ngokwendlela yokunombola kunye Winkel. Amabanjwa akazange abe amagama, zikho phantsi amanani ithungelwa ukuba ilokhwe. Ngaphezu le khowudi yesazisi wabeka imbasa olunxantathu, leyo kuthiwa Winkel. Ngokutsho umbala wayo imisela didi:

• Red - ukulwa ukumelana, umbanjwa yezopolitiko;
• yellow - umJuda;
• Green - umenzi wobubi ngayo ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho;
• Purple - UYehova ulingqina (Protestant);
• Black - Roma umfazi bazikhethe.

Kumbindi Winkel le ncwadi, ekwabonisa ubuzwe.

Yonke imihla sifazane ngentsimbi yesine ekuseni, oko iyabetheleleka isiqingatha sekomityi yekofu kwebambela kwaye emgceni esitratweni ukuba umnxeba esongwayo, eyathatha iiyure 2-3. Okulandelayo baqhubeka imisebenzi iiyure 12-14.

Umsebenzi emini bakwazi ukufumana ikhefu isiqingatha seyure, kwakunye nesidlo sasemini ekwimo kwisiqingatha ilitha yamanzi kunye amaxolo iitapile okanye rutabaga. Kuba abo basebenza ebusuku, n'wi ayizange enikiweyo.

ujonge ngokuhlwa waba efanayo njengokusa. Emva kokuba mabanjwa ukunika 200 iigram zomgubo isonka, kwimbuphu yesarha kunye coffee endaweni enye.

Amabanjwa bavumelekile ukuba uthumele i-imeyili, kodwa hayi ngaphezulu kwe kanye ngenyanga yaye phantsi imingcele ngokungqongqo. Le leta nakancane ukungangqinelani okanye leposi lithunyelwe umgxothwa.

Iindlela lokubulala

Wafa eRavensbrück was uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka abantu 50 ukuya 92 amawaka. Iimbangi ezingundoqo ukufa uba ukungondleki, kwakuba nzima ukuzala kwakhe, ucoceko asanelanga, ukusetyenziswa kakubi.

Xa zonke iiveki ezimbini umsimelelo kweminquba zaye amabanjwa ukuba kutshabalale ekhethiweyo. Okokuqala, ukuba abo abazange bakwazi ukusebenza. Bazixhela wadutyulwa entloko. Die imini yonke kubantu 50 up.

Ngenxa yokuchithwa ubunzima amabanjwa wathumela iAuschwitz kunye nezinye iinkampu efanayo. Kamva, ngowe-1943, abasetyhini baqala ukuba kubekho ukufa phezu kwintsimi kwinkampu yoxinaniso. Ukulungiselela le njongo, inaliti ebulalayo kunye izidumbu.

Ngowe-1944, eRavensbrück (a kwinkampu yoxinaniso) watyelela Himmler, wayala balahle onke amabanjwa endala abakhokhobayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye sacelwa ukuba "iingcali ngenxa yokubhuqwa" ka yaseAuschwitz, Birkenau.

Abafazi zagonyelwa kwimiju- ezizodwa kunye nabo banikwa ikhadi elipinki kunye Latin "VV" ( "ukufa nkampu, ukutshabalalisa") zaye zadluliselwa Uckermark. Apho belinde kokufa kwakhe, nangona amaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuba abantu abangeniswe kwiziko-ntle, ibekwe eSilesia. Ekuqaleni, abanikazi besi ikhadi elipinki ukuphunyezwa yi imbumbulu entloko, kodwa inkqubo iyacotha kakhulu, ngoko kwagqitywa ukwakhiwa esisi. Bafa imizuzu 2-3 abafazi kuphela 150.

amalinge onyango

Ukuqhuba yemifuniselo yokuqala amabanjwa enkampini waqala 01.08.1942. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba lonke ixesha i eRavensbrück nokuhlola unyango phantsi 86 abafazi amabanjwa.

Injongo yale ulwazi lokuqala yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza amachiza amatsha ukulungiselela unyango nokopha kakhulu nzulu, kuquka emqaleni. Abafazi ziye wayesenza inxalenye engentla womlenze inzulu ithambo, wonqanyulwa, yaye ukuze, Staphylococci kunye nezinye iindidi iintsholongwane. Oku kwavusa inkangeleko ngokukhawuleza njengesilonda kunye nominxano.

Esilondeni yayifana imbumbulu, oko kudla wongezelela amasuntswana zeglasi, iinkuni kunye nentsimbi. Yonke imisebenzi yenziwa, kwakunye nezineziphumo eziyintshabalalo ebhalwe ngocoselelo. Kukho utshintsho incinane umzimba amabanjwa - ukusuka lobushushu ukwenzeka ekufeni. Iziphumo zezi zifundo zenziwa kwingxelo le akhademi emkhosini ngowe-1943. kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseRavensbrück kunye nokuhlukunyezwa ekuthathe na yonke ibanjwa, wayebhula nje kuphela.

Injongo yale uvavanyo lwesibini yayikukuqinisekisa amathuba abohlukeneyo yethishyu ithambo. Ukuze wenze oku, abasetyhini abasempilweni ukuba imilenze yabo yaphulwe ize isicelo udaka. Ukuze ubone inkqubo experiment, Guinea wagawulwa inwebu ephilileyo ukuveza ithambo. Amanye amabhinqa nquma lomzimba esempilweni okanye igxalaba ize isiwe oogqirha kwenye inkampu, apho ayithunge ezi amalungu omzimba kwabanye.

Oku kuphela yinxalenye yemifuniselo. Yemifuniselo kakhulu okhohlakeleyo babulalayo nezitofu ukuze abantwana esempilweni isisu kwithuba leenyanga ezintathu yokugqibela lokutshisa foetal ngokukhawuleza.

eminqubeni Security

Kwingqwayi-enkampini ngamaxesha ezahlukene Tamashke Gunther, maks Kegel, Fritz SUHNER. Abasebenzi babengekho abantu kuphela, kodwa abafazi ngaphezulu kwama-150. Ngokusebenzisa uqeqesho kwathabatha malunga 4 amawaka basebukhosini. Ajongeka ukhohlakele ngokugqithiseleyo zaza Ukuthanda inkohlakalo.

"Ukufa March"

Ngexesha kokurhoxa imikhosi yaseJamani kunye ngobungxamo kweminquba. 27/04/1945 amabanjwa saqhutywa ukuya ngasentshona. Inani labo yafikelela kubantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-20, malunga nezigidi ezi-3 kwayekwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso.

kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, abalindi SS ngasekhohlo amabanjwa itshixiwe phezulu enqabeni Malchow, waza wakhululwa ukuba ngentsasa elandelayo, i-Red Army.

nokukhululwa kwamabanjwa

Umhla zokukhupha luthathwa 30.4.1945, xa imikhosi ye Front 2 Byelorussian zaye wamhlangula banjwa. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva eRavensbrück (kwinkampu yoxinaniso), iinkumbulo apho aziyi kupheliswa eminyaka, wazala oogqirha, abaye wadala kwisibhedlele yethutyana.

Kude 1993 ummandla ezaxhobela Soviet lusetyenziswe ekupapashweni iinxalenye zayo.

Ulingo-mthetho imfazwe

Eyokuqala izilingo wabaqeshwa nkampu kwenzeka kwiminyaka 1946-1948. Isiphumo yaba izivakalisi 16 ukufa.

Abanye abasebenzi SS wabalekela eUnited States, kodwa eminyaka kamva ke ubalwe kwaye asiwa ngobuso kwetyala eJamani. Abantu owazingela amaNazi ngenxa yezono zabo njengenxalenye SS, yaziwa ngokuba "umzingeli lwamaNazi".

Ukukhunjulwa yembali ye kwababanjiweyo kweminquba

Ngowe-1959, urhulumente GDR wanikela umyalelo kummandla apho eRavensbrück (a kwinkampu yoxinaniso), wenzela udale National Memorial "eRavensbrück". Ezi zilandelayo ziye ngasekhohlo njengezinto yokuqala:

• kwingqwayi;
• izidumbu;
• ukwakha kunye lekhamera;
• indlela komhlaba ekhokelela elwandle;
• Isiqwenga kodonga kweminquba.

Into engundoqo phezu kolwandle yaba "Carrier" tshe, ezenzelwe yi Villa Lammert. Ngoko eRavensbrück (a kwinkampu yoxinaniso), apho isikhumbuzo elimiswe eJamani, kuba abantu abaninzi sele laba uphawu ngenxa yonke inkohlakalo, ulwaphulo mthetho kuluntu.

Ngo-1996 wakhupha documentary film, ezo indlebe amabanjwa amahlanu yangaphambili ababhinqileyo abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo - Austria, Italy, eNetherlands, eRashiya. UMlawuli nensimbi screenwriter Dutch Annette Van Barneveld kunye Annemarie Streybos. Olubizwa womzobo "esezadlula."

Ngowe-2005 kwafika nokudalwa ngumlawuli we-Federal Republic of Germany Lorett Valts, ngubani waqokelela udliwano-ndlebe kunye lamabanjwa iminyaka engama-25. Le obungamaxwebhu iqulathe amabali abantu abangaphezu kwama-200 amabanjwa ababhinqileyo yaye ubizwa ngokuba "Women Ravensbrueck."

ERavensbrück (The War 1939-1945 Second World) lathatha iminyaka emithandathu, kwafa amashumi amawaka abantu basetyhini kunye nabantwana wayengafuni le mfazwe.