Ukungenelwa Tokhtamysh eMoscow 1382 kunye neziphumo zawo

Kuye kuphela iminyaka emibini ukususela uloyiso obuzukileyo Prince nguDmitry Donskoy kwi ingxokolo Mamaia, kwaye kwakhona wanyikima umhlaba Russian ukususela sokunyathela kwamanqina eembalasane i-Tatar mahashe. Tokhtamysh ehlasela eyoyikekayo eMoscow ngo-1382 kunye neziphumo zawo isifundo yokufunda zizizukulwana ezininzi mbali, kwiikona ezahlukeneyo ukuzama kukhanyisa ezibangela ukuba singonwabi. Kodwa inye into bayavumelana - abasileleyo eli xesha, iinkosana unit ukubonisa umanyano, nezithe kule mihla ukuze siphumelele abo Kulikovo endle.

Ukonyulwa entsha mkhosi khan

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIV phakathi kwabalawuli iGolden mkhosi waba lomzabalazo ingakumbi xa kusiyiwa ngamandla. Weza ke waphakama Tokhtamysh Khan, impembelelo ogama waphuma kuphela ngaphambi kokuba ekuthiwa- White mkhosi mkhulu kunene, okanye njengoko yayibizwa ngokwabo AmaTatar, Ak-Orda. Ngenkxaso sizana yayo Tamerlane ngo-1379 waza wabathimba ikomkhulu ephambili Tatar State - uSarayi al-Jadid - yaye kungekudala waba ngumlawuli onke amazwe, ibekwe esezantsi ye-Don.

Nomination Tokhtamysh becala negalelo ekusileleni nembangi yayo engundoqo, ithunzi umlawuli loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene Mamaia, ezihambe ngayo ngo-1380 Dmitriem Donskim. Ignominiously ubaleka emva elihlazo, babalekela eCrimea, apho wazama ukuqokelela iintsalela imikhosi bakhe abanyanisekileyo ukuba uhambo entsha eMoscow yena. Kodwa ukuba ibe. Tokhtamysh wabeka phambili nxamnye naye nempi yakhe ukuba kwidabi kwi emlanjeni Kalka.

Mamai ukulungele ukwamkela emfazweni, kodwa ngomzuzu wokugqibela, wangcatshwa ilingane wakhe, waza waluphosa peremetnuvshimisya kutshaba. Kwafuneka ukubaleka kwakhona. Ngeli xesha umama sangena Cafu - idolophu enqatyisiweyo eCrimea, kodwa ukuba balinde ngenxa yesinye ewolo. Owayesakuba sizana kunye iinkosi isixeko ngamaRoma, wambulala ngobuqhophololo kuye nasekuphangweni. Ngoko ignominiously yaphela indlela yakhe kanye wayengumlawuli onamandla ye-Golden mkhosi.

Bloody ukuhlasela Tokhtamysh eMoscow

Xa umntu enoba kwenzeka ntoni ukuhlaselwa Tatar amahashe kumhlaba Russian, babesoloko benikwe igazi kunye namalangatye, kodwa Khan Tohtamysh ezi ungenelelo zinkqenkqeza mibi. Umzekelo ke iziganeko ezenzeka e-Agasti 1382. Baqala nesibakala sokuba ngumlawuli entsha Golden mkhosi wathumela kweNkosana eMoscow zaseBhabhiloni. Ngabo, wabulela nguDmitry Donskoy ukuba uloyiso iphumelele kubo phezu uMama, wathi - "lokubhukuqa enezothe amandla", yaye ingxelo ukuba ngoku kule nyambalala Golden ukuba ngukumkani kuyo - inkosi yaso ye sodidi Chingizids.

Kodwa kuphela intshayelelo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba Khan imali engakumbi lerhafu. Emva kokuphulaphula yoosaziwayo kunye, ngamanye amaxesha, bona ngesisa unesiphiwo Prince nguDmitry wandixelela ukuba Khan iminqweno yakhe intle, kodwa yokunika imbeko wala. Kulandelwe nje ukuhlaselwa Tokhtamysh eMoscow yaba ngesiphumo sesicelo sakhe.

amaxwebhu Historical zibonisa ukuba ukususela Tatar khan ngo-1381 kwenziwe iinzame enye ngaphezulu kuxinzelelo ozakuzo kwi Prince nguDmitry. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wathumela eMoscow ebufundisini elandelayo ekhokelwa umthetheli oselula Ak-Hozem, sikhatshwe looding olomeleleyo wamajoni. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, baye azikafiki kwikomkhulu, yaye ngaloo ndlela kuhlaselo lwemimandla Khan Tokhtamysh eMoscow yaba ekufanele bayifumane.

Intaba, olwaqalwa kusemnandi vu

Ukuqala eli phulo 1382, inkokeli Tatar wabonisa izakhono ezingaqhelekanga bombutho. Okokuqala, wathabatha amanyathelo ukugcina ziyimfihlo sotshaba ukuhamba imikhosi yakhe. Ukwenzela ukuphepha ukuvuza incinane, Khan wayalela zonke ngabarhwebi Moscow, abaphantsi kolawulo lwakhe e Kazan, abulale okanye fihla entolongweni, neenqanawa zabo ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amajoni ukuya kwiindonga lasekunene iVolga.

iirekhodi isetyenziswayo ebhaliweyo xesha kusaziwa ukuba nemikhosi yakhe bafudukela fast, kodwa ngononophelo ubuninzi - ". ngaphandle kokunika iindaba ngaphambi ngokwam" Ngenxa kule ekuhlaselweni Tokhtamysh eMoscow wayeza abemi balo ngesibindi, ndayihluthwa nabo ithuba ukulungiselela bazibhijabhija ngenxa reflection. Ngawo onke amaxesha, elo yokuhlaselwa kuye negalelo kakhulu kwimpumelelo kuzo zonke iimeko.

Ukungcatshwa Ryazan prince

Wayedlala ezandleni Khan, yaye ibuhlungu kangaka into Russian kukuthanda weenkosana ukuya uMbuso ngokomdla wokhuseleko yayo kunye nezibonelelo. Oku wabonakalaliswa ngexesha lonke ixesha i-Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe, yaye omnye imizekelo oku Ukuphambuka immangalise i Tokhtamysh Prince Olega Ryazanskogo. Wabonisa nje kuphela ukuthobeka phambi bahlaseli, kodwa ngokuzithandela kutyhilwa amazibuko lula ngaphesheya Oka koMlambo. Emva koko, ukuba wenzakele ngenxa ngayo ezandleni Tartars ngokwabo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iindlela bozakuzo ehlasela Tokhtamysh of eMoscow wazama ukuthintela Prince nguDmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhny Novgorod. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wathumela ukuba thethwano kunye khan koonyana babo, kodwa wasilela ukuthobela imiyalelo ngenxa nje yokuba zikwazile ukubamba up ne-Tatar amahashe, wasikwa ngesantya engaqhelekanga.

Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uzama bahlaseli, kodwa iindaba indlela yabo akakafiki Duke Grand. NguDmitry Donskoy, sikhumbula olo unanimity ngayo izikhulu unit ukuya kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo ukuze ulwe ingxokolo Mamaia, wabeka kweli xesha ithemba uncedo lwabo, kodwa lizama. Xa ayehlasela Moscow Tokhtamysh kwabonakala, Prince akazange ukufumana inkxaso kuzo kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye ukuyilwa amajoni ngomlilo, yaye umhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, Vladimir Andreevich Serpuhovskoy - in nanini Lamsky.

On lisondela eMoscow

Ukusebenzisa amazibuko ekubhekiselwe kuye Prince Oleg of Ryazan, Tokhtamysh wawela Oka zamihla endleleni Serpukhov, wathumela umkhosi wakhe eMoscow. Le ndawo apho zaye zabanjwa bahlaseli, ngaba umhlaba oqhubekayo, yatsha, ngoko iminyaka emininzi leyo sabamnyama nothuthu iilali, kodwa amathambo amhlophe engceni ekhohlo abahlali kudlule.

Xa engekho Grand Duke kwikomkhulu, kwakukho uvalo, leyo nimqumbisa hlaselo Tokhtamysh eMoscow. Ukongeza, apho ixesha elifutshane bahlanganisana ndawonye yonke impahla yabo inani elikhulu Iwabemi emizini ejikelezileyo, ndithembe ukuba ukubaleka baphume utshaba eludongeni yesicelo. Ngenxa yoko, udlame imfazwe nokuphangwa, uya mandundu imeko esele eladlulayo.

umbutho Defense

Abanye ukuze akwazi ukwenza ungumsebenzi kwisixeko Lithuanian prince Osteyu, eyayiqhutyelwa kwinkonzo Russian. Xa eqokelelweyo intsomi Imbumba, isigqibo, akukho namnye ngaphandle eMoscow onke amandla ukwalathisa lokulungisa yokuzikhusela. Liyakuhlala njengendoda wamajoni, yalathisa umsebenzi enxulumene ufakelo iindonga izakhiwo zokuzikhusela, lo resin preform, tar kunye amatye, abathe bona baba kwimeko uhlaselo ukuhlasela intloko nabangqingi. Wayalela zonke namadlelo kwatshiswa phantsi ababekweso sixeko nemimandla. Le ndlela yokulinganisa, ndayihluthwa utshaba umbandela angqingo kunye nekhusi.

Inkangeleko utshaba phantsi iindonga zesixeko

Nakanjani njengoko rock iyasondela hlaselo Tokhtamysh eMoscow. Umhla Agasti 23, 1382 waba ngosuku emnyama kwimbali weRashiya. Ngale ntsasa waya yesicelo udonga Vanguard le nangezinto. Hlokondiba akazange athathe nawaphi na amanyathelo afanelekileyo, yaye bafunde ukuba Prince nguDmitry Donskoy edolophini, sahamba umgama ezinye zokulindela imikhosi eziphambili. Kodwa ukuvela kwazo kwalo unobangela ngokwaphulwa psychological ezithile phakathi Muscovites.

Njengoko sinokungqinelwa ababephila ngexesha lakhe, ukuze bawubuyise ukungakhululeki, abahlali baye babhenela indlela wazama - kukunxila jikelele. Kuba oku wavula izindlu izityebi besela ezityikitywe kegs zobusi Braga, uze ukunxila ukuqala kuncinci ukuya ku- nkulu. Ngendlela efanayo onxilileyo waqabela iindonga incwadi yesicelo yaye ukusuka apho umnwe AmaTatar, bazijizeke kweli gadalala lithemba.

Imizamo wamhlasela, Muscovites baphuke-off

Ukungenelwa Tokhtamysh eMoscow ingashwankathelwa, ecacisa uphuhliso iintsuku ezine - ukususela nge-23 ukuya kowama-26 Agasti. Ukuba ngosuku lokuqala baloo dolophu babona Tatar Vanguard, ngoko ke ngentsasa elandelayo iindonga eyinkunzi phambili phezu imikhosi eziphambili lotshaba, ikhokelwa ngu Khan. Hlokondiba ngokusesikweni uhlaselo kodwa ungayithandi ngenxa abavikeli esixekweni, lihambe kunye nelahleko enkulu. Andizange kubazisa impumelelo, kwaye uhlaselo ngoAgasti 25. Phantsi isichotho iintolo, amanzi avela iindonga iishawa ngamanzi abilayo kunye elivuthayo, iindwendwe olumenyiweyo kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwakhona.

Ubuqili ewolo amanye Asia

Bekuya kuba wabashiya kunye nto, ukuba kungabi ngenxa yabo ngobuqili Asia ewolo mkhohlisi iinkosana abatsha Suzdal. Eqonda ukuba Muscovites mandla na ukoyisa, Tokhtamysh wathumela iindonga labathunywa lweJerusalem, ukusukela nyambalala amanene kunye naye oonyana ababini Suzdal prince - Vasily kunye Semyon, abo efanayo ezibe ekuqaleni phulo Wathumela uyise ngokuthunywa ozakuzo, kodwa madolw 'anzima, kwaye ngoko wangena ukulandelwa Khan. Ababenazo ukuzithemba eyodwa Muscovites, njengoko noodadewabo nomfazi Prince nguDmitry Donskoy - Evdokia.

Kulo ithemba kunye wadlala Tokhtamysh. Egameni abazalwana wabaqinisekisa abemi ukuba hlokondiba ukuba nzondo ngakwabo, yaye beza ukujongana kuphela mnye Prince nguDmitry. Ekubeni ayikho kuloo mzi, bakulungele ukuhamba, ukuba abahlali, sivule isango iza kuhamba ngayo Khan iimbeko kunye nezipho. Han akazange enze umonakalo nabani na, yaye xa akuwubona umzi, leyo Ndive okuninzi, kuya kukhokelela angabikho nomkhosi wakhe. Amazwi akhe zingqinwa ngesifungo.

Ukuhlaselwa mkhosi eMoscow

Ukuba abemi uyive imilebe sabasemzini, mhlawumbi ukuba babethandabuza. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha nabo sathetha bakhaya, ngaphandle Izihlobo Grand Duke, baza bakholwa hype. amasango yesicelo avuleka, yaye kwabonakala umngcelele abantu kwikomkhulu, ikhokelwa ngu-Prince Ost kunye nabefundisi. Xa ngephanyazo ke bonke uziphose igqekeziwe macala onke yi-nangezinto.

Ukuqhekeza emthethweni phezu kwawo umzi, eli hlokondiba waqalisa ukuba ziphange aqhumise yonke into eza indlela yakhe. It akunakuchazwa esihogweni ukuba benza eludongeni yesicelo. Ababhali-mbali baye bafumanisa ukuba le mini amaxhoba kulo mthendeleko anegazi baqala abantu 24 000. Ukususela kule minyaka labemi eMoscow ngabantu 40 000, oko ujika ukuba ngoAgasti 26, ubulala ngaphezu kwesiqingatha abahlali base komkhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuveliswa Khan yaba inani elikhulu lamabanjwa wagxothelwa ebukhobokeni.

Ukungenelwa Tokhtamysh eMoscow 1382 kunye neziphumo zayo umzekelo imiphumo ukuqhekezwa kurhulumente, ukunqongophala komanyano engozini dudula, ukuba sesichengeni ubuqhophololo lwangaphakathi. Ngaloo mihla, Muscovites xa kwakusiliwa phezu kodonga yesicelo wafa, ixhoba babantu bakuthi ngobuqhophololo, luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi Grand kunye nomfazi wakhe Evdokia elise Kostroma. Bazama wancama lokucenga iinkosana, kwakhona, njengoko kwiminyaka emibini eyadlulayo, ukuba kundihlanganyela kunye nokuthintela ekuhlaselweni Tokhtamysh eMoscow.

Unyaka ngomvandedwa enkulu Russian

Ngosuku olulandelayo, wanelisiwe igazi lwamaxhoba omsulwa otyagchonnye zizityebi edliwe, nangezinto aphuma kwesixeko. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba abuyele ngaphakathi mkhosi mkhulu kunene, baye bohlulwa ngamaqela eziliqela ezizimeleyo, ngelo yokufakwa xesha, zonakale Vladimir, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk ne St George. Akumangalisi ngo-1382 wangena imbali Russia njengomnye ugqaliselo lulusizi kwimbali yawo. Amashumi amawaka kwabafileyo ngamakhoboka - oko kukuthi ngenxa yayo.

AmaTatar wavuka nje kuphela ukulwa esinzulu umva, ezama ukuba ahlasele nanini Lamsky. Apha wamahashe wabo amisa Serpukhov prince ezilawulwa ungxamile, ukuya ekubambaneni ukuqokelela wamajoni. Basic amandla efanayo Tatar ekhokelwa Khan endleleni umva, nangona isithembiso limisiwe umhlaba umngcatshi Oleg Ryazansky, moya abasindileyo edabini.

Yaphela kanjalo lihlaselwe Tokhtamysh eMoscow. iziphumo zayo buhlungu gqitha. Kokuchitha iilahleko ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nobomi babantu ngokunika, sekunjalo iRussia wahlala ukuxhomekeka zolonyulo kwi khans Golden mkhosi. Ukunqanda kwegazi ngakumbi, nguDmitry prince kwanyanzeleka ukuba baqhubeke yokunika imbeko kwaye ahlawule Tokhtamysh kweminyaka emibini emva kokuba loyiso Kulikovo endle. Yena kunye nabalawuli kamva walawula izindlu zabo kuphela ngokusekelwe iilebhile ekuveliseni Golden mkhosi. Phambi ngokubhukuqwa Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe engekazani leminyaka.