White hlokondiba (Ak Orda) - enye iinxalenye ezimbini iGolden mkhosi

NgamaXesha Aphakathi - ngexesha lokusekwa beentlanga ezininzi kwaye ukuyilwa sokumiswa yabo. Le nkqubo ekuso hayi kuphela amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa ngenxa Asia. I Mongol uBukhosi of Genghis Khan, zidalwe nguye ngexesha elifutshane, alawula kwilizwekazi yaseYurophu kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini.

Emva ukuwa kwayo ngasekhohlo amaziko karhulumente eziliqela, omnye - i-White mkhosi. Kweli xesha post-Mongol kwintsimi kwayo kwaba yinkqubo yokumanya zezizwe amadlelo kunye ungenzi nto, ngaloo ndlela ukwakha iziseko Kazakh ilizwe.

Rate, isizwe, imfundo karhulumente

Igama elithi "mkhosi" uqhelene kubo bonke esikolweni. Inxulunyaniswa ezininzi iziganeko ezinkulu Russian imbali XIII-XV eminyaka. Kangangexesha elide iinkosana Russian kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule irhafu ukuya khans iGolden mkhosi - i Mongol-Tatar State, ithatha indawo enkulu.

Le kweceba ubukhosi Genghis Khan kaThixo Wasolula ukusuka kuLwandle Aral ukuya kuLwandle Olumnyama Iran ukuya phambene etintshaveni. sithetha nje imfundo zikarhulumente abantu zamaTurkic isikakhulu igama elithi "mkhosi". Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye ukubaluleka kwalo.

Umzekelo, ibutho - indawo yokuhlanganisana enxulumene zizizwe zalapho yaye ephila ngokwabo, umkhosi okanye Khan bid. Ukongeza, igama zamaTurkic ulwimi Russian ekugqibeleni wafumana umzekeliso kunye namona ezimbi. Ngenxa yoko, isihlwele nabasengozini okanye izihlwele ngokunxaxha sisoloko umnxeba anayo.

Kutheni Gold?

Ngowe-1206, abameli zezizwe Mongolian akhethwe intloko yazo Temujin. Ukususela ngoko, uye ukhethe ixesha esibhakabhakeni, waba eyaziwa ngokuba Genghis Khan. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo, igama lakhe liya angcangcazelise abantu Asia naseYurophu.

Ngokutsho ngokwesithethe Mongolian, ngexesha ubomi Genghis Khan wabahlula emazweni phakathi koonyana bakhe. I omdala kubo, Jochi, waba ilifa iziko ulus inkulu kummandla Lower iVolga.

Kamva, le ndawo yaziwa ngokuba Golden mkhosi. imida zawo okhankanywe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, ekugqibeleni wagqiba emva iphulo eliseNtshona ndatu, unyana Jochi, eyenziwe ngazo ngo-1236-1242 gg.

Kukho yeengcinga eziliqela malunga ngemvelaphi igama zolotaya Orda. Oku ingakumbi lakudala ukuba inzala ka Genghis Khan babebizwa "igolide".

Kwelinye icala, Ibn Battuta aphakathi mhambi Arabic kuqatshelwe ukuba ezintenteni khans wawutyabeka macwecwe zesilivere ngegolide engathi ngumfanekiswana. Ngenxa yoko, imfundo karhulumente kakhulu akwazi ukufumana igama lakhe.

Noko ke, kukho Cingela wesithathu ukuba zolotaya Orda emva kokuwa Mongol kombuso ka Genghis Khan waba, oko kukuthi, "golden", okanye isikhundla eliphakathi.

White, and Blue

YeziKronike ephakathi East, imvelaphi yayo elandwa ebukumkanini koonyana Jochi, igama elitsha: Ak Orda kunye Kok Orda. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ababhali-mbali niphikisana isigama kunye nendawo eendawo zezi yunithi indawo, kanye uMenzi Golden mkhosi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kunye basengozini okanye elingaphantsi kokuba Kungaphikiswa ukuba ubunini kwabelwana ngabo oonyana bakhe Jochi hlokondiba-Edzhen kunye Sheibani. Eyokuqala yaba Irtysh, Rivers Zisixhenxe kunye neendawo emathafeni ecaleni kwiintaba kunye Ulutau Kentau. Le ulus ebizwa Ak (White) mkhosi.

Sheibani ilifa emaqeleni Aral, phakathi imilambo Yaik, esezantsi ye Syr Darya. izinto zakhe ngokuba Kok (Blue) mkhosi. Noko ke, siphawula ukuba ulwazi okuncinane yaye iphikisana zembali kudla evakalayo zizazinzulu ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Ngoko ke, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba ekuthiwa-Edzhena hlokondiba ulus Sinyaya Orda, lo gama i-White Sheibani olawula. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ubunini yokugqibela kwinkulungwane XIV zinxibelelene ezweni umzalwana wakhe omdala. Ukususela ngoko urhulumente omtsha obizwa ngokuba Ak Orda, kuyo phantse yonke indawo Kazakhstan yanamhlanje.

Ubungqina chroniclers Russian

Njengoko yaziwa, i Rus aphakathi yathotyelwa ngesinyanzeliso uphindaphindwe iGolden mkhosi. Encwadini yeembali kwexesha wahlala ukukhankanya nje ukuhlaselwa ngokwawo, kunye namazwe angabamelwane. Ingakumbi, ngokuphindaphindiweyo baye bafumana igama Sinyaya Orda.

Umthombo bevela kuyo imfutshane chroniclers, kwakukho amabali loonozakuzaku Russian abaye batyelela uSarayi - ikomkhulu Golden mkhosi. Ingxelo ulwazi lwabo, kuquka iinkcukacha ezingacacanga geographical, ngocoselelo ethubeleza encwadini yeembali.

Eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba lo gama White mkhosi mkhulu kunene, njengoko kuchasene oluhlaza, abuyi kufunyanwa yeziKronike ephakathi. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ummandla wayo ngelo xesha erhangqwe kwi oozilawuli Russian.

isimo Education

History of the White mkhosi yavela ngenkulungwane XIII., Xa Jochi Ulus yahlulwa phakathi koonyana bakhe. Isiqhelo inkululeko ngo Edzhena abadala kunye nenzala yakhe baphuma kwangoko.

Apha wadalwa inkqubo yerhafu yakhe, inkonzo yeposi oonobhala karhulumente, asekiwe, wamkela wozakuzo langaphandle, imali lenza. Noko ke, ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kurhulumente kazwelonke ulus Edzhena kuphela emva kokuwa Golden mkhosi.

In Kwinkulungwane XIV i-White mkhosi ahlala kwintsimi enkulu ukusuka Irtysh ukuya Syr Darya kwaye ukusuka Tyumen ukuya Karatau. Kuye kuhlala ngokwezizwe zamaTurkic abathetha kunye nenzala agxile ngayo Mongols. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni waba Kypchak-Kazakh. Kwikomkhulu, waba Sygnak, waba Izinga Khan kunye nomkhosi esekelwe.

Izigaba Development Political

Ngokubanzi, kukho izihlandlo ezithathu kwimbali White mkhosi. Eyokuqala iquka iminyaka ukususela 1224 kude kube 1250, oko kukuthi, ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo, yaye de kube lelo xesha abalawuli aqhubeka ilawulwe khans ye-Golden mkhosi.

Ithuba lesibini iyeyona inde - 1250 no 1370 kwiminyaka. Ngeli xesha, i-White mkhosi uzifunele ukuze bafumane inkululeko, uphazamisana kwi zembujiswano embambanweni kurhulumente kazwelonke. Ekugqibeleni wakwazi oko Urus Khan, bahlukane ubunini kwabo Golden mkhosi.

Okugqibela, ixesha lesithathu (1370-1410 gg.) Iphawulwe umbuso kwelanga. Ekupheleni kwale XIV kwinkulungwane Timur, i Emir Enkulu, kwaye Golden inkxaso kubo Khan Tokhtamysh uthabathe inani amaphulo silwe nxamnye White mkhosi.

Intshabalalo nokubambana lwangaphakathi buthathaka ubukhosi olawulayo, ekhokelela ukuwa kunqandwa karhulumente. Kwiminyaka engama-20 kwinkulungwane XV kwi kummandla White mkhosi kwasekwa Abulhairskoe Khanate kunye Nogai anayo.

isakhiwo Public-yolawulo the White mkhosi

amandla Ephakamileyo kwi urhulumente welo Khan - kumnombo loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene Edzhena, umzukulwana Genghis Khan. Wathembela eliphucukileyo enkulu ayohlala - iinkokeli zezizwe, namadoda aziinkulu zezindlu. Inqanaba elilandelayo emirs zentlalo kuhlala, beys, bai, Bahadur kunye nabanye. Abasemathanga eziqhelekileyo yalungisa abantu ebizwa ngokuba "Karash".

Ummandla White mkhosi yahlulwa fiefdoms, wakhokela oglanami. , Kwizixeko ezifana Sauran, Sygnak, Zharkent, Iasy kuphuhliswa zobugcisa kunye norhwebo. Nangona iindawo zokutyisa ephila waqhubeka ngokusesikweni ukuba kuthathwa yePropati yoLuntu, kodwa eneneni behlelo asebukhosini, umnini neenkomo enkulu.

Wobudlelwane umhlaba ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa elifeni ifomu isiqinisekiso isipho kukulawula. Feudals olufumaneke ngokuba isipho esivela khans umhlaba njengosuku lokuqaphela ukubaluleka babhetele, ikakhulu emkhosini. Oglala abalawuli abalawula izixeko olungafanelekanga okanye izithili zezolawulo ngenxa yenkonzo yoluntu emkhosini. In XIV-XV iinkulungwane, wafumana isipho ilizwe ukuba ilifa.

Phawula kwimbali Kazakhstan

Mongol ukoyisa ezizwe emathafeni nempembelelo ethile emihle. Ekubeni lubandakanya ukuyilwa urhulumente esembindini guqula ehambelana neemeko ezintsha zembali.

Emva kokuba ngokuwa kombuso ka Genghis Khan zolotaya Orda (White mkhosi mkhulu kunene, njengelinye lamalungu ayo), idlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukumanywa iintlanga awayengabemi kummandla Kazakhstan yanamhlanje. Enyanisweni, oku inyathelo elilandelayo malunga nokusekwa yesizwe Kazakh.

Ubungqina oku kukudala imeko yayo. Kungekudala yobukhosi Kazakh Khanate (ngenkulungwane XV) kwabunjwa emva kokuwa Ak Orda endaweni yayo.