Yobuciko eRussia. abameli yobuciko eRussia

Le style aba engaqhelekanga kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ityhulu kwi bokwakha kunye nobugcisa eYurophu ukusuka elinesithandathu emva kwexesha yee-elinesibhozo iinkulungwane, elasekwa ixesha indalo olunzulu ithi ngakwisizwe. Wayeqhogene nebandla kunye izangqa ahlukile. Sobuciko bamdumisa khuthazwa amandla abo. Ngoko, kuba ikakhulu luphawulwa nobukhazikhazi, ubuhle kunye likhoboka ayinyamezeleki ukuba ezikhwankqisayo. Le isimbo idibanisa uhlobo nolulahlekisayo ezikhona, kwaye kukho ukuchasana enamandla izikali izingqisho, kwakunye noburhabaxa kunye neemathiriyeli, ukukhanya kunye ithunzi.

inkcazelo ezimbejembeje

Kamsinya nje wokuqala zange ukubiza le isimbo: lizwe, sinotyekelo ngokugqithiseleyo, 'etyeni, yimikhuba nemvelo ... Ezi iimpawu ngexesha lokuzalwa yayo ngathi emgculela. Kwaye zonke ngenxa ezimbejembeje ayifani ke izimiso zobugcisa amandulo bokwakha.

Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha ke waqala ukufumana eziphambili izakhiwo ezitsha kunye nomgangatho. Sobuciko wazalwa eItali. Eli lizwe ke ngelo xesha kwiziko kwenkcubeko, apho le isimbo waqalisa uhambo lwakhe loloyiso kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Yaye ngamnye States yobuciko ukuze afumane iimpawu zabo wesizwe.

izakhiwo yobuciko eRashiya, kuquka, ngokuyintloko ichaphazela kwawo nezintsonkothe. Yena eyenzeka ubuninzi ezintsonkothileyo, njengoko umthetho, iifomu wegophe, elineevaranda omkhulu. Phezu olungaphambili izakhiwo xesha waza waphawula nobuninzi eqingqiweyo ngaphakathi zabo. Kukho kwakhona amajukujuku multi-tiered zemilo ezintsonkothileyo. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi izakhiwo ezimbejembeje ingabizwa ST. UPetros eVatican. Iinkcukacha ezikhethekileyo neyokubhala Atlanteans, caryatids inkxaso neengqameko nemihlathi zidlala indima, kwakunye mascarones - imihombiso oqingqiweyo xa elimile entlokweni yomntu okanye empumlweni wesilwanyana ukusuka ngaphambili.

Kungenxa bokwakha, ngokutsho iingcali, i ezimbejembeje Wayemelwe kuyo yonke iyantlukwano yawo nenzaliseko. Bonke bezakhiwo ababangela izenzo zabo ngale ndlela, kunzima lokubhengeza. It abavela kukuyo, Borromini kunye Maderna, i Pole Jan glaubitz kunye nabanye abaninzi. Umakhi Russian, ogama kunganxulunyaniswa zobuciko imisebenzi, ingqwalasela ikakhulu Rastrelli. Ndimele ndithi esiphuhliswe kwilizwe lethu ngendlela ekhethekileyo.

Imvelaphi sobuciko Russian

Ukuqala kweyeshumi elinesibhozo eRashiya yabalasela imisitho emikhulu. Emva kokugqitywa ngempumelelo Northern Imfazwe ezininzi iinguqulelo kaPetros, eli lizwe baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokwenkcubeko, nangeendleko. Ukuvela St. Petersburg, naye, kwaba isiganeko esibalulekileyo, oko laba sisiqalo kwisigaba entsha kwimbali hayi nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona izakhiwo yehlabathi. Yiyo nale waza waqalisa, enyanisweni, ukusasazeka sokuyilwa ezimbejembeje lwe ngenkulungwane ye-18. ERashiya, kuba ulwakhiwo eyinkunzi kunye namadlelo ayo Sihlangene hayi zasekhaya kuphela, kodwa bezakhiwo Western Europe. I-ajenda wamazwi Uphuhliso lwedolophu yayisekelwe kwizithethe izakhiwo Russian.

trends Western eYurophu

Noko ke Petersburg sesakhiwo ixesha uPetros Mna, kwaye - kwikota yokuqala kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, nangona iye yaphuhliswa njenge iimpawu uxanduva lwesizwe ngokwenene asekuhlaleni, lo gama ngaxeshanye abonisa iziphumo zophuhliso iindlela ezininzi zokwakha Western eYurophu. Kwakukho Fusion monolithic organic kakhulu entlobo zethu kunye angaphandle bokwakha. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa era ezimbejembeje eRashiya.

Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo nokwenziwa nokulungiswa ezinobuchule nezimbo Western, enyanisweni, uya elandwa kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu, xa phantsi Ivan III eMoscow wokuwusebenza abavela. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane elinesixhenxe impembelelo basemzini nini imiqolo zokuhombisa kunye entablature, gables, lungisa kunye mibala wabaza ngcembe waqalisa lisanda bokwakha Russian.

yobuciko eRussia

akabi nako ukufumana zintshula kwilizwe lethu. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba abahlalutyi ondigobileyo classicism bokwakha, bona, nangona kunjalo, akazange ukubona indlela 'kwiikholam kunye uphahla. " Bawuphikisa ziphikisana yemfaneleko Gothic Ukuvuselelwa and "Renaissance", kodwa elithi "sobuciko" eRashiya sebenzisa iphetshwe. umyili owaziwayo Bryullov ngexesha uhambo kwelaseItali ezimbi "incasa olungcolileyo" kunye nendalo ezingenangqondo Borromini.

Kwaye igama elithi "sobuciko Russian" kuphela yee- ye wamazwe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba N. Sultanov bokwakha yamandulo Russian iye yaziswa. ERashiya, oko yakhethwa bokwakha pre-Petrine ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Ukususela ngoko, kwakukho ingqiqo ukuzinza, apho isigaba sokuqala sale isimbo ziphuhliswe-1640 yee-.

Xa inkcazelo, Likhachev, ezimbejembeje eRashiya ithathe ezinye iimpawu Renaissance, ekube nako kubonakaliswa ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, igama elithi "sobuciko Russian" eRashiya, kwaye ngokubanzi akukho jikelele yamkelwe ziingcali ehlabathini. Ngoko ke, yena ithathwa olunemiqathango, kodwa igama ayathathwa iimpawu zocaphulo.

Ngokusemthethweni, kwiimpawu zazo iyafana indlela banomkhwa. Ekubalaseliswe izigaba ezininzi: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "iRoma uPetros eRashiya" (ngenkulungwane ye-18, kwikota yokuqala) kunye 'abaqolileyo ", ibhekisela amaxesha Elizabeth. Indlela yokugqibela kakhulu ngokucacileyo eziqulathwe imisebenzi Younger F. Rastrelli kwizakhiwo ezininzi St. Petersburg.

Naryshkin okanye eMoscow sobuciko

Ngale style kuthetha iqela iitempile, wayakhela kartel abaziwayo kuza. Naryshkin yobuciko eRashiya kuqhutywa imisebenzi enjalo izakhiwo ngasekupheleni elinesixhenxe - kwekhulu elinesibhozo njengoko ibandla Fili kunye Emnye-Lykov, xa umnqwazi kunye Dubrovitsy, kwakunye kwingcinga, leyo eyakhelwe Maroseyka.

Iingcali call it ngandlel 'ithile nqanaba yayo elandelayo, apho ngohlobo iguqulwe lwemithombo Western yathatha, ezifana kwesigunyaziso kunye nezinto zabo, mibala zokuhombisa kunye yobuciko imvelaphi t. D.

Features Naryshkin akuthandeki bokwakha

Weza ngexesha ebalulekileyo ngezakhiwo yethu. Naso xa isimbo Russian solusapho ngcembe waqalisa ukungena trends evela naseYurophu. Ukususela izakhiwo kwinkulungwane yeshumi, ibonisa energy nkqo luchukumisa ukuba umba ecaleni kungqameko ezindongeni kunye kufuze lilo eliya amaza aluhlaza.

Kuba izakhiwo eli xesha izakhiwo Russian iphawulwa ngomxube izinto eziphikisanayo kwizakhiwo baphawula ukungafani kwezakhiwo kunye pops up. Ubume be-"Naryshkin" sobuciko eRashiya, ingakumbi eMoscow, kukho iimpawu ezicacileyo banomkhwa yaseYurophu, kwaye ntlokoma Gothic, kukho isuntswana ngokutsha kunye romanticism, kwaye konke zidibana kunye izithethe yamandulo izakhiwo ngomthi nangelitye.

Golitsyn style

Ngokuthe ngcembe oko yaqala uphuhliso yobuciko eRashiya. Xa indawo enye indlela ezahlukeneyo Naryshkin bafika e Moscow bokwakha - Golitsyn, egqalwa yenguqu. bachuma lakhe kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala yenkulungwane elinesibhozo, kwaye isiphumo baqhubeka de phakathi kwenkulungwane efanayo.

Isakhiwo yokuqala, eyakhiwa indlela yobuciko eRashiya, ingqalelo ibandla Dubovica e Perov, Volyn, Laurentian yoonongendi in ukulungela ukusebenza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, "Naryshkin" uhombiso lwe "Golitsyn" izakhiwo ngakumbi kusetyenziswa iziqalelo kuphela ezimbejembeje. Noko ke, izisombululo zoyilo, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze imiqulu ekwanti kunye kwimiboniso umlinganiswa ezivaliweyo kufutshane yaseYurophu Renaissance. Kucaca yesicwangciso kunye elula iifomu, ukudityaniswa twin izityebi ingaphakathi yezikhumbuzo ezimbejembeje eRashiya ezininzi imizekelo ezaziwa izakhiwo yamandulo. Ingakumbi ngokucacileyo oku kubonwa kwizakhiwo kamva - ibandla St Peter noPawulos Cathedral e Moscow, ngokunjalo kwi Troekurova kunye Yakimanka.

style Stroganoff

Le ndlela Russian ekupheleni izakhiwo zobugcisa kwiinkulungwane elinesixhenxe elinesibhozo ukuqala izakhiwo luphawu sakhiwe phezu komyalelo kwifom mveliso, emva ngaye, igama.

Ngu ezikhumbuzo ngaphezulu olukhulu Moscow Stroganoff yobuciko ziyahluka ekulondolozeni yemveli Russian-angqukuva ezintlanu silhouette etempileni, apho enhle, ngokungathi Ndonke ngesandla, lokubhalela yobuciko. Ezi ziquka Kazan e Ustyuzhna, ESmolensk e Gordeevka kwilali leKrismesi Nizhny Novgorod kunye nezinye iicawa ezininzi, ngokunjalo Vvedensky Cathedral, awayakhayo Solvychegodsk.

sobuciko kaPetros

Eli gama lisetyenziswa yi mbali ezobugcisa isimbo bokwakha, esele ivunyiwe yi Peter I yaye zazisetyenziswa eSt Petersburg. sikhokelo Limited olunemiqathango, oko ligxile kakhulu kwi imodeli yaseSweden, isiJamani kunye nabayili Dutch. izakhiwo yobuciko eRussia ukususela Wohlaziyo Omkhulu isakhiwo becala eclectic, kunye uthando classicism kunye kudala ngalinye. Ukunciphisa neyantlukwano izisombululo nabayili uPetros kule isimbo kunokuba kuphela isidanga kwiimeko.

Le sesakhiwo eli xesha esibonakala lula izakhiwo sibala ngokomthamo, mininzi ukuhambisana ecacileyo ukuzibamba nezikrweqe, sivame ekutolikeni olungaphambili Planar. Mu kuya kwa nshita Naryshkin sobuciko eRashiya, uPetros Enkulu uyalahlwa awalithabathayo ngokwesithethe yaseByzantium, leyo alawula abakhi zethu phantse ezisixhenxe iinkulungwane. Noko ke, kukho umahluko ukusuka Golitsynsky style aphefumlelweyo ngqo iisampuli Italian okanye Austria.

abamele elikhanyayo

Indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso zobuciko eRashiya wadlala kuphela Russian, kodwa abakhi ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwamanye amazwe. Enye abameli zezikolo basentshona, asebenze kwilizwe lethu, yi Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - unyana i nomkroli Italian, ababekhonza kwinkundla kaKumkani uLouis XIV. Xa amazwi umbhali wakhe, amava akho lokwakha uye abeyiqwebile eRashiya. Ukuba igcisa onesiphiwo kakhulu, Rastrelli ikwazile azibonakalise lokwakha onobuchule kwaye babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo eliphezulu kakhulu kwinkundla, wamiselwa "umyili oyintloko." umsebenzi wayo kule minyaka 1740-1750 ifikelele incopho yawo.

Ezinye abameli abadumileyo sobuciko eRashiya - kuba A. V. Kvasov, ezenzelwe kwaye wakha Grand Tsarskoye Selo Palace phambi ngokutsha olwenziwe Rastrelli. Ngokuba umsebenzi wakhe iquka engafakwanga kummandla Haymarket beCawa Kwingcingane ungowokubongwa Virgin Mary. bezakhiwo Akukho ngaphantsi ezaziwayo-kakuhle era Russian yobuciko na P. Trezzini, A. Vista kwaye, kakade, wasebenza eRashiya ukususela 1760-th ukuya ummeli 1770-th eqaqambileyo amazwe yale nendlela Antonio Rinaldi. Nevuthisayo ngexesha izakhiwo bakhe yobutsha phantsi kwempembelelo "ukuguga" ezimbejembeje kamva badlulela classicism, nto leyo kweli lizwe lethu nje usaqala. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kuthi eziqhitsini ukuba Rinaldi emele kanye le isimbo kwangoko, akunakwenzeka.

Izakhiwo Russian ezimbejembeje

indalo Kwanele eyaziwayo Rastrelli - lomculo ka Smolny Convent, wakha kule minyaka 1748-1764 eSt Petersburg. Kuye sidalwe isithethe Russian of ensembles ezifanayo besive kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Akukho ngaphantsi ezaziwayo kwikomkhulu kumantla kumabhotwe ezimbini Elizabeth iingangamsha - Stroganov kunye M. Vorontsov. Noko ke, kule ndawo yokuqala phakathi imisebenzi Rastrelli limi, Kakade ke, i-Winter Palace, eyakhiwa iminyaka esibhozo. Kuye kwagqitywa ngo-1762-m. Kwaba apha iqondo eliphezulu italente womzobi ngayo. Phakathi kwezinye yobuciko ezimbejembeje - The Grand Ibhotwe e Tsarskoye Selo, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Bonke zibonakalisa eliqaqambileyo kakhulu uhlobo ezazikho ngenkulungwane ye-elinesibhozo eRashiya. Kwemvelo bobuchule oluphawulekayo womzobi P. Trezzini ugxininisa Theodore Church, ibekwe i-Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Namhlanje, a lot of aphikisane ngubani ophethe isikwere eyakhelwe phezu Vladimir Cathedral yegama elifanayo. Noko ke, abaninzi oyikholelwayo ukuba ibingelilo inkosi ayaziwa, ezizezi P. Trezzini, ngubani ongathanda zikhuphisane Rastrelli, wadala ekupheleni kuka-1760 ubuhle obumangalisayo kwebandla. Ndimele ndithi, ngelishwa, izakhiwo ezininzi kakhulu besive womzobi, zaye zalunga kwakhiwa okanye wanyamalala nje.

Andiqondi barhuqe emva oontanga babo Rinaldi, ngubani na owadala iicawa Orthodox eziliqela, edibanisa izinto ezininzi sobuciko. Ingakumbi, le Cathedral uAndreya kunye uphahla uphahla zaso zantlanu eliphezulu multi-mibini intsimbi inqaba, Boathouse, ibekwe ezinde inqaba, yaseTshayina Marble. Le mali yamva ithathwa zesiganeko eyodwa bokwakha Russian.