Assembly Novgorod. History of the Novgorod Republic

Novgorod Land kumaXesha Aphakathi yayigqalwa iziko enkulu lorhwebo. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuya emazweni Western kunye kuLwandle lweBaltic. Ifunyanwa iyelelene iVolga eBulgaria, uVladimir ukubusa. Wabaleka ecaleni iVolga wamanzi ukuya kumazwe empumalanga Muslim. Ukongeza, indlela 'ukusuka Vikings ukuya namaGrike. " Ukuze pier phezu komlambo. Volkhov iinqanawa ukufika evela izixeko namazwe ohlukeneyo. Ezi abathengisi eSweden, Germany kunye namanye amazwe. Xa Novgorod obekwe Gothic kunye neenkundla zorhwebo German. balapha ngokubanzi bayiqhuba amabamba eluswini, nobusi, neflakisi, oboya, amafutha, isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade. Ukusuka kwamanye amazwe beza apha inkcenkce, ikopolo, iwayini, izacholo, ilaphu, izixhobo, iilekese kunye neziqhamo eyomileyo.

inhlangano yendawo

umhlaba Novgorod kwinkulungwane XII, eyayiyinxalenye Kievan Rus. Imfundo yolawulo ukuba usebenzise imali yakho, wenza imithetho elawula abantu, hayi kuthathelwa ingqalelo imigaqo ebekwe phantsi kwezinye iindawo kweli lizwe, eyayizinyaswe nomkhosi wakhe. I-Grand Neendwalutho of Kiev Etyelwe oonyana Novgorod sizithandayo. Kwangaxeshanye, amandla kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Veche e Novgorod Republic feudal lelona candelo lolawulo liphezulu. Yaba kwiimbutho bonke abemi into eyindoda. Kuye ibizwe ukukhala iintsimbi.

Novgorod Republic: Chamber

Kwintlanganiso ukusombulula le miba ibalulekileyo kubomi boluntu. Wathinta sphere eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. sithuba saneleyo Wide kwezopolitiko, nto leyo iba Chamber of Novgorod, ukuba negalelo ngokusonga ehlelwe iifomu zawo. Noko ke, njengoko yemihla zibonisa ukuba le ntlanganiso random ngakumbi nomsindo kunayo nayiphi na enye. umbutho wakhe waba izikhewu ezininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha umhlangano wabiza Rurik, Prince of Novgorod. Noko ke, amaxesha amaninzi endiyenzileyo ngaphezu nayiphi na zezwe mzi. Ngexesha lomzabalazo intlanganiso iqela ibizwe kunye nabantu. Assembly Novgorod akuthathwa isigxina. Oku wabiza kwaye lwenziwa kuphela xa elililo.

isakhiwo

Assembly Novgorod wabiza ngokubanzi Yaroslav eyadini. Unyulo kaNdikhoyo apho esixekweni yathatha indawo kwi square kufutshane St. Nozipho Cathedral. Malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku le Novgorod Veche ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa umzimba ummeli, njengoko ayenzi inxaxheba naziphi na ePalamente. Kwi ndawo akwazi ukufikelela wonke umntu ingqalelo yena ummi, yaye ukuba makabize intlanganiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuyo ngabantu abamele isixeko esiphezulu. Noko ke, maxa, kukho abahlali aselula zokuhlala - Pskov kunye Ladoga. Njengomgaqo, prigorodskih wathumela namasekela ukuba ndithethe kwintsimi elinikiweyo. Inxaxheba iindwendwe nje phakathi prigorozhan. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1384 kubantu Novgorod beza Korely kunye Smith. Bakhalaza kormlenschikov Patricius (prince Lithuanian). Kulo mba, siye wabiza iintlanganiso ezimbini. Omnye ukuba isikhulu, enye - ukuba prigorozhan. Kulo mzekelo, kwaba isibheno abantu bayona capital geqe.

Imisebenzi ye Novgorod Veche

Assembly linoxanduva yonke imithetho, imiba yomgaqo-nkqubo namazwe angaphandle. Xa Veche Novgorod yabamba nedlelo mthetho ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha emiselweyo izohlwayo kakhulu abahlaseli. Umzekelo, abenzi bobubi bagwetywa ukuhluthwa ebomini okanye indawo yabo yokuhlala, baza bona ngokwabo bagxothwa kulendawo. ibhunga siphela ugqiba imithetho, wamema ekhupha umphathi. Kwintlanganiso zikhethwe kunye wawalawula izikhakhamela. Abantu isigqibo imibuzo emfazwe kunye noxolo.

Iinkcukacha inxaxheba

Ngokubhekisele ilungelo lokuba abe lilungu Chamber kunye umyalelo intlanganiso yayo, imithombo azinazo naziphi na iinkcukacha ezithile. Imisebenzi ye-nxaxheba ingaba abantu bonke; namahlwempu kunye nezityebi, izinduna, kunye nabantu abamnyama. Nangona yemfundo engekho ebekiwe. Nangona kunjalo, akucaci nokuba kukho banelungelo inxaxheba ekusombululeni imiba yolawulo engxamisekileyo abemi kuphela Novgorod, yaye oku usebenza nabantu ezingqongileyo. Ukususela kwiiklasi ezithandwayo, ezo ezikhankanywe kuxwebhu, kucacile ukuba amalungu ebandla babengabarhwebeli, iingangamsha, abalimi, amagcisa, kunye nabanye. I Chamber ngokuyimfuneko inxaxheba posadniki. Oku kungenxa yokuba bona iindwalutho kwaye kwasuswa ebusweni babo lula. amalungu eNdibano baba izidwangube mhlaba. Bona azithathwa ukuba babe nabameli esixekweni. Boyar behlala kwi kwilifa lakhe ethile kwi Dvina, ukusuka apho ukuza Novgorod. Ngokufanayo, abarhwebi baye kwasekwa iklasi ayikho indawo yokuhlala, nangokwemisebenzi. Ngelo xesha ke babe ngokwendawo kwaye emizini ejikelezileyo, kodwa enye ngexesha ekuthiwa Novgorod. Zhitye abantu abathatha inxaxheba entlanganisweni njengabameli bonke. Abantu abamnyama, ke nabo kufuneka ukuba babe ngamalungu Chamber. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ebonisa indlela abaye bathatha inxaxheba kuyo.

ziqinisekiswe

Ngemihla yakudala zabhalelwa kunye negama esebenzayo kwindawo ethile umthetheli. Nangona kunjalo, le meko emva ukuqatshelwa igunya ephakamileyo umlawuli omkhulu. Ukususela ngoko, igama isikhulu ukuvunywa andidaniswanga. Zabhalelwa egameni abamnyama zhityh abantu, iindwalutho, tysyachskogo, izinduna nabo bonke abemi. Amatywina baba leaden, yaye ezaqhotyoshelwa amaxhwebhu snurkami.

kuqokelelwa nje bucala

Baye wenziwe ngokuzimeleyo yi Chamber enkulu Novgorod. Ngaphezu koko, ekupheleni nganye ukuba abize iintlanganiso zawo. Kwakufuneka zabo zokufunda nokubhala wakhe, ushicilelo. Ukuba unayo nayiphi na iziphelo ukudideka zaye uthethathethwano kunye nabanye. Izintso Chamber kunye Pskov. Bell, abize intlanganiso, waxhonywa phezu kwenqaba kufuphi St Emnye.

Yokwahlukana kwamagunya

Xa umsebenzi yowiso-mthetho, ngaphandle ngokuba abantu ababandakanyekayo nesikhulu. Noko ke, kule meko amagunya amagunya kunzima ukuba ukrwele umgca ocacileyo phakathi ubudlelwane nezona nesemthethweni. Phantsi izivumelwano ezikhoyo, inkosana ingayi kuza ne imfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume entlanganisweni. Nangona ukhuseleko kwimida lwangaphandle kuwa phantsi kolawulo lwayo. Ngaphandle Usodolophu akazange avunyelwe ukuba unikeze izikhundla ezihlawula, lokondla Parish. Ukuziqhelisa, le ngqokelela lwaqhutywa ngaphandle kwemvume kwirhuluneli. Kwakhona, musa ukuba "akukho-tyala 'indawo. Ityala lomntu prince yaba ukuvakalisa loo ntlanganiso. Ngoko, ke, uqhuba inkundla oluleko. Kwezinye iimeko, le Chamber kunye irhuluneli watshintsha indima. Umzekelo, i-rally ukuba kutsala engafunwayo kormlenschikov kwiNkundla yoMmandla. Inkulu wayengenalo ilungelo lokuba likhuphe iziqinisekiso ngaphandle kwemvume izikhakhamela.

Umehluko phakathi kwabantu

Ngokwayo, le Veche Novgorod ayikwazanga zingathathi naliphi na ingxoxo eyiyo nayiphi na ingxaki, okanye ithuba lokuvota efanelekileyo. Ewiliko nawuphi na umba olwenziwe "yi ear" xa ekhala ngamandla. Veche badla yahlulwe epatini. Kulo mzekelo isisombululo kule ngxaki lwaqhutywa ukusetyenziswa ugonyamelo, emva ukulwa. Icala elaphumelela, kwaye ingqalelo sisininzi. Assembly wenza nje uhlobo kwinkundla kaThixo, ngokunjalo kokushiya ibhulorho kugwetywe isinqumo uhlobo vestigial uvavanyo amanzi. Kwezinye iimeko, yonke sixeko yahlulwa phakathi amaqela alwayo. Emva koko, iintlanganiso ezimbini zenzeka ngexesha elinye. Omnye abeza kweli zorhwebo (kwindawo ahlala), kunye nezinye - kummandla Sofia. Kodwa le mihlangano neenkani zembujiswano iindibano ezininzi, kodwa hayi vechami yesiqhelo. Ngaphezu kanye oko kwenzeka ukuba iintlanganiso ababini lisondela omnye komnye. Fumana kwiindawo Volkhov ibhulorho, abantu ngoku eqala ukuba babulale. Maxa wambi abefundisi baqhubeka isantya kubantu ezahlukeneyo, yaye maxa wambi na. Meaning ibhulorho enkulu njengengqina iingxabano ezidolophini kubangele kamva a ngohlobo lwemibongo. Kwezinye zemihla ngemihla yamandulo nowolunye inowuthi Baron Herberstein, ngubani wayetyelele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. ERashiya, kukho kwebali kwezigaba ezinjalo. Ngokukodwa, ibali lundwendwe langaphandle, xa St. Vladimir of Novgorod zigalelwe Volkhov isithixo ka Perun, uthixo ngumsindo, ukuba ukufikelela elunxwemeni, yaphosa induku kuye, besithi: ". Nantso memory ofuna kum, Novgorod" Ekubeni abantu ngexesha elimisiweyo ukuya phezu kwebhulorho aze aqale ukulwa.

UMarta-yeRhuluneli Umfazi

Lo mfazi eyaziwa ihlazo kwimbali. Yena waye umfazi Isaaka Boretskogo, usodolophu Novgorod. Ulwazi malunga isanda yobomi yayo lincinane ngokwaneleyo. Imithombo lubonisa ukuba uMarta wayevela kwintsapho boyar Loshinskih kabini yaye wayetshatile. Isaac Boretsky umyeni wakhe wesibini, kwaye wafa kuqala. YeRhuluneli Umfazi uMarta ayikwazanga ngokusemthethweni. Le lesiqhulo yena evela Muscovites. Ngoko basigculela kumiswa ezikhethekileyo Novgorod Republic.

umsebenzi Boretskaya

Umfazi uMarta-yeRhuluneli yaba ngumhlolokazi mhlaba enkulu egama zorhwebo baye bafudukela kuye. Ngaphezu koko, kuye kwiindawo ezininzi kakhulu kwiindonga koLwandle Frozen kunye nomlambo. Dvina. Okokuqala ngqa ebomini kwezopolitiko, waqalisa ukuba nenxaxheba kulo nyaka 1470th. Ngoko, kwi Novgorod Veche zabamba unyulo kuba Archbishop entsha. Emva konyaka, yena nonyana wakhe ayexhasa ukuzimela eMoscow. UMarta njengokuba inkokeli sikweni of the Boyar inkcaso. Inkxaso enikelweyo umhlolokazi ezimbini elunge Euphemia kunye Anastasia. UMarta yolondolozo ezibalulekileyo lemali. Yena wakhokela thethwano elihlebo Casimir IV, ukumkani Poland. Injongo yawo eqale Novgorod ukuba i- Grand Duchy of Lithuania kwi amalungelo elizimeleyo ukuba uyayilondoloza inkululeko yezopolitiko.

amandla Ivan III

Iintetho kunye Casimir wafunda Grand Prince of eMoscow. Ngowe-1471, unyaka kwenzeka Shelonskoy edabini. It umkhosi Ivan III kaThixo waphula impi Novgorod. Boretskaya, unyana nguDmitry wabulawa. Ngaphandle uloyiso emfazweni, uIvan iye igcinwe ilungelo self-government in Novgorod. Boretsky, ke, baqhubeka thethwano kunye Casimir emva kokufa unyana wakhe. Ngenxa yoko, ungquzulwano imfazwe phakathi Lithuania ne eMoscow. I 1478th Ivan Iii uthatha iphulo elitsha nxamnye Novgorod. Last akafanelekile nalwazelelelo. Ukutshatyalaliswa Veche intsimbi Novgorod sakhatshwa ngokususwa, kokuthathwa komhlaba Boretskaya, ithini abameli iiklasi eziphezulu.

isiphelo

Assembly Novgorod waba eziqaqambise ekhethekileyo kubomi babantu. Oku liqumrhu elilawulayo iqhosha lixela ukuba ngowuphi na ophetheyo iquka yonke imiba yobomi. Ibandla, ukuba kugwebe bona na imithetho, neerhuluneli umenyiwe, benu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bonke abantu ababandakanyekayo yamatyala, nokuba baxhasa eliphi na ukuba iklasi ethile. Kukholelwa ukuba intlanganiso ngomnye iintlobo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi, phezu kwazo zonke ezo nkcukacha zonke isigqibo. Chamber kuyimbonakaliso kwintando yabantu hayi kuphela Novgorod, kodwa lo mmandla. amandla akhe ngaphezu umlawuli. Ngaphezu koko, le yokugqibela kwimiba ethile kwakuxhomekeke sisigqibo ntlanganiso. Olu hlobo komhlaba Novgorod self-mvo kwezinye iingingqi of Russia. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ukwanda ngamandla yedwa ka Ivan III, uyekwa. umhlaba Novgorod ngokwalo saba phantsi eMoscow.