Iikhompyutha eSoviet: iimpawu brand. computer ekhaya

ESoviet Union kudlule ngendlela enzima kakhulu ukususela ekudalweni ityhubhu yokuqala iikhompyutha ngumsina kwaye kade computer - ngesantya esiphezulu, ngokusekelwe iziphaluka ezihlanganisiweyo. iikhompyutha eSoviet babesaba nayo, kwaye bakwazi ukusebenza abaziingcali kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini, inzululwazi, yaye hayi badwelisi benkqubo kuphela. Imfuneko yokuba iikhompyutha lula, ukungabikho kweendleko eziphezulu kunye compact kwavela yee-ngeminyaka zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Kuyafuneka bona kunye noshishino emkhosini, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi uqoqosho kweli lizwe.

Micro-computer "Electronics"

iikhompyutha eSoviet langaphambili. Iqale iikhompyutha ngakumbi gqira, iimoto elula ukusebenzisa nakakuhle indawo ukusuka oluthi "World". Baye esisetyenziselwa izibalo zobunjineli. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-ngeminyaka, kwakukho microprocessors, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuqalisa ukuvelisa "Elektronika NC" yaye "Electronics C5" - i-jikelele micro-computer. Baye ngeendlela ezininzi wayecela ikhompyutha siqu, kodwa iikhompyutha yokuqala eSoviet zasetyenziswa kuphela zemveliso - kunye kolawulo lwabo ngoncedo inkqubo, izixhobo njalo njalo.

Kule minyaka shestnadtsatibitnyh iikhompyutha release desktop ukuqala isikali mveliso - enamandla ngokwaneleyo compact. It imifuziselo ezifana "Electronics T3-29" yaye "Iskra 1256", eyenzelwe emkhosini, ngokunjalo iindlela ezilula - "yintlantsi 226", "Electronics RS-28" kunye nabanye. Xa yee- yokuqala shestnadtsatibitnyh esekelwe olunye-ibhodi microcomputer kunye ezinjengeetheminali standard livelise analogs iinkqubo computing interactive - DCK.

Mid-wamakhulu

Kwi-USSR iqala ngobuninzi iikhompyutha ngokubanzi-injongo afana ne-EU-1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "neagati", "Microsha". Computer yenzelwa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kwilizwe lethu, kwaye le nkqubo kuyaqhubeka de eSoviet Union iwa. Yi ekupheleni koo yokuqala, ezenze imifanekiso.

iikhompyutha Soviet zaba iintlobo kweeklasi kunye lwazi bolwakhiwo lwempahla kuquka IBM-ezisebenzisanayo ngaphandle analogue phakathi zombini iikhompyutha eSoviet angaphandle. Umzekelo, "Corvette" - ikhompyutha ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo "Lions PC-01", "Vector-06C" kunye nabanye. Ukususela ngoko, ixesha elifutshane kwimbali kwesakhiwo computer yasekhaya bekukho iziganeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, leyo kubhetele ukuthetha ukuze.

Kiev

Jonga ngaphambili. we-1948, Feofania indawo, hayi kude ikomkhulu Ukrainian SSR, ilebhu ofihlakeleyo, apho uyakwazi Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - uMlawuli we-Institute of Electrical kunye nentloko kwilebhu ye-Institute of Computer Engineering and Precision Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences yaseUkraine. Oku khona ngomzuzu kudale computing umatshini encinane ngekhompyutha (SECM). It Lebedev ecetywayo, njengokwamkelekileyo kusetyenziswa - kungakhathaliseki kunikezelo - imigaqo esisiseko yokusebenza kwenkqubo yekhompyutha ezigcinwe kwimemori.

Okokuqala wadala umatshini yaba memory, iiyunithi arithmetic, kwakunye izixhobo igalelo, ulawulo kwimveliso. Yena uyakwazi uku encoder kunye neenkqubo ukugcina kwinkumbulo, njengoko amanani. Wasebenzisa inkqubo yokubini uku encoder imiyalelo kunye namanani, kwaye yenza ngokuzenzekelayo izibalo. Kwaba khona kunye neenkqubo izibalo kunye logic. Kwakufuneka ukuba ukwakha yokugcina ngendlela oluneqela elinegunya. Kwaba lula ukuba ukusebenzisa iindlela ngamanani ukuphumeza ukubala. Design, ufakelo kunye lwenye lwenziwe kwiminyaka emibini, iqela labantu elinesixhenxe - amagcisa ezintlanu kunye nabaphandi elinambini. Zesampulu zaye zabanjwa ngoNovemba 1950, yaye ngowe-1951 waqalisa ukusebenza rhoqo. Waqala njengendlela iikhompyutha eSoviet.

ngaphezulu Kiev

1965 - Ngomnyaka nokudalwa kumatshini yobalo zobunjineli yekhompyutha "IHLABATHI", abaphuhlisi kuzo abaphandi ukusuka Kiev Institute of Cybernetics - Glushkov, Annunciation, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. Ngelo xesha omnye umatshini sele uphunyeziwe kumgangatho mikrokomandnom ulwimi lokuprograma - Almir-65. Ikhompyutha yakwazi ukuvelisa ezinye amawaka imisebenzi yesibini, igalelo kunye neenkcukacha zabo bagqibayo nganye usebenzisa i wokuchwetheza yombane ukugcina kwimemori kwi umphakathi ferrite kunye zangaphandle - kwi tape ngenqindi.

Ngo-1969 waqalisa ukuvelisa iikhompyutha personal "Mir-2", wamisa kwindawo enye eyayiseKiev. Kwacaca umzekelo zaphuculwa, oko utyando izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kweshumi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba yangaphambili. It yanyuswa kunye rhoqo, kunye RAM. Ngoku iikhompyutha afakelwe ukongeza ngamanqindi tape kunye typewriter yomzobo uboniso graphic ukuba ipeni ukukhanya kunye namakhadi ngemagnethi. Programming ulwimi waba ngumhlalutyi - kungaba kuthiwe 'umzukulwana "Almir-65.

microprocessors

Ngowe-1974 wakhulula microprocessors Soviet lokuqala - imifuziselo somhlathi esinolawulo firmware kunye necandelo iPIN okanye ezisibhozo-idijithi. Series K532, umzekelo, waphawulwa ngenxa low power, uluhlu olubanzi lombane zobonelelo kunye ngesantya imisebenzi emibini anamashumi amahlanu amawaka ngomzuzwana.

A series K536 features ixabiso eliphantsi ubuchwepheshe, ukusetyenziswa ngoko eziphakamileyo kakhulu amandla, kodwa ngokunjalo ngokukhawuleza. Ngokusekelwe kwi K532 kit nangoko microcomputers njengokom zaye zakhutshwa ( "Elektronika NC"), kunye K536 yaba sisiseko yemveliso lothotho inani lokuqala Soviet jikelele micro-computer "Electronics C5" hexadecimal kakhulu.

ibhasi-tie

Yaba computer lokuqala Soviet! microprocessors weCandelo babegqalwa ezithembisayo kuba ivumela ukuba ukudala ikhompyutha-based nawuphi ubunzulu besuntswana warn ezingamashumi amathathu anesibini. Xa oku ndaqonda ngokusebenzisa nayiphi na firmware yolawulo inkqubo umyalelo.

Kodwa kamva, xa ekupheleni yee-, microelectronics ephuhliswe ngokukhawuleza imisebenzi yabo, kunye computer eSoviet iye nezi izizwe analogue iikhompyutha. Universal iziqhubekisi somhlathi ziye akhanywe imifuziselo chip elinye. Noko ke, kangangexesha elide basebenzisa ibhasi-iqhina, ingakumbi kumashishini emkhosini.

computer Soviet

Ngo-1977, abafundi iziqu bit ezisibhozo single-chip isilawuli K580VM80A, nto leyo analogu ngokupheleleyo imodeli kakhulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle Intel 8080. Le wegama ukuba isetyenziswe ngenxa mainframe, oko kusetyenziswa ulawulo micro-computers, micro-izilawuli, peripherals kunye nobuchule yemilinganiselo - kwiindawo isicelo ezininzi. Noko ke, kwaba cheap kwaye lula, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kungekho abafundi omnye yiSoviet le magazini "Radio" owakhe kwi ineziseko zayo computer ekhaya.

Performance waba phezulu, inkqubo uwisa jikelele, ngoko ke waba isilawuli omnye ethandwa USSR. Ukongeza kule khompyutha yobuqu, wasondela nezinye izixhobo ezininzi isilawuli, ngoko kwisiqingatha sesibini yee- zenkulungwane lokugqibela, le iprosesa iye yasetyenziswa phantse ikhulu imifuziselo yeemoto Soviet - le khompyutha ekhaya, noqeqesho, yaye hayi indlela yobungcali.

"Electronics-60"

njengokom micro-computer-ngesantya esiphezulu "Electronics-60" wazalwa ngo-1978. Ngokutsho inkqubo umyalelo "Electronics-60" waba ehambelana kunye uDEC PDP-11 / lsi-11 - iikhompyutha America. Performance - up to imisebenzi million enye ngomzuzwana. oomatshini ezinjalo ezazisetyenziswa ngayo imveliso, ukulawula inkqubo, ukuba indawo kwi CNC yaye - okubaluleke - umsebenzi elide yaye sinyaniseke kwinzululwazi kwishishini wokhuselo lo.

Ngowe-1983, iphephancwadi iikopi ayefikelela kwisigidi "Radio" yapapasha inkqubo yekhompyutha engahlawulwayo "Micro 80" kunye iprosesa K580IK80A, ukuba inyathelo lokuqala omkhulu engahlawulwayo azonwabisa radio isilawuli kunye nekhompyutha nobuchwepheshe. Ngelo xesha, iikhompyutha zobuqu eSoviet bakwazi ukusebenza nalo naliphi tape recorder yokugcina ulwazi kunye neenkqubo, kunye nayiphi na TV kwababezikhonza njenge esweni.

okunika umdla

Oku ngoncedo "Electronics-60" ngo-1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym zonke umdlalo "Tetris" kubhaliweyo. Bokuganelwa kwi computer centre of the Academy of Sciences USSR ukuqondwa kwentetho kunye nezinye iingxaki basemoyeni, yona isoloko isetyenziswa kumsebenzi wabo iphazili lokuqhuba umbono othile.

Kamva, lo mdlalo yaphinda-kubhalwa IBM PC ngolwimi Turbo UPascal lokuprograma wayenza elinesithandathu yesikolo eSoviet - Vadim Gerasimov, ngoku ohlala e-Australia kwaye usebenza Google.

I yokwazisa isifundo sokuqala

Kule yee-, saphuhliswa kwaye yakhululwa ibhetshi ezilula, oko kukuthi iikhompyutha efikelelekayo jikelele zobuqu ukusetyenziswa ekhaya kunye nesikolo. Kwathi, Kakade, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", apho segama BK okhethwe computer ekhaya. Ngelo xesha, lalingekafiki ehlabathini lweekhompyutha yobuqu kwi Processors hexadecimal.

Yintoni ekhethekileyo nayo? ASICs ngezinga eliphezulu ngokunxulumanisa - kwimiboniso esangweni, owaba isilawuli of kwidispleyi, keyboard, inkumbulo, kwaye kakhulu ngakumbi. Isebenzisa interpretaror ulwimi "Focal". ezinombala ezixhaswayo yemizobo indlela ezibhabha ezine umbala. Ezi iimoto yokuqala ifakwe ukufunda inzululwazi ikhompyutha, kunye nenzala yabo de 1993 bakhonza njengoko nendlu engundoqo kunye iikhompyutha zemfundo eSoviet Union.

Akademgorodok

NaseNovosibirsk abantwana besikolo baye inxaxheba kumbindi computer Siberian yeSebe ye-USSR Academy of Sciences, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo ngqo wabonakala inkqubo software ezikolweni, yaye ubizwa - "Girl School" for "neagati" ikhompyutha siqu. Wayesebenza kunye "nekrele" yaye "Robic" iilwimi lwenkqubo, iquka inkqubo "ikrele" oluntanganye kunye iintlobo ngeentlobo upakisho kweenkqubo zoqeqesho.

"Neagati" - ngumqondo ka-1984, ingqalelo computer ubunzima-kuqala, ehambelana kunye Apple II + yaye bamele sele PC RAM kakhulu elinamanci mabini anesibhozo ikhilobhayithi floppy diski drives, kwaye yombala monitor, imibala ukubonisa elinesithandathu. Kwaba ngo-1984, lo plenum iKomiti Central yamkela isigqibo, emva koko kwaqalisa computerization imfundo yesikolo.

ngonyaka sokwahlukanisa izehlo

Ngowe-1985, ilizwe lonke bazive Andisazityobozi, hayi ngokutsha, kwaye nako ndachukumisa kwicandelo computer. imodeli lenkundla iikhompyutha ezininzi eSoviet zaye zaphuhliswa ngexesha. Ukuphuhlisa kakhulu ngempumelelo shestnadtsatibitnye advanced "Electronics", iindlela ezintsha DVK ziyahambisana ngeekhompyutha IBM Soviet. Ingakumbi uphawu eli xesha trohprotsessornaya "Istra-4816" - up to megabytes ezine RAM, kunye wokubala pocket elinekona ezintandathu eziphela kwishumi "Elektronika MK-85".

Kodwa akazange ayeke umsebenzi naphezu PC, apho isiseko ilula le iziqhubekisi bit ezisibhozo-. Ngoko kwakukho imodeli "specialist", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Computer octet. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba zimbi? No. Phakathi imodeli ezisibhozo-it nje emangalisayo, nangona yokuba kumqhubekekisi iphelelwe kancinci. Umzekelo, "Corvette" - ikhompyutha entle nje.

"Microsha" kunye nabanye

I-computer ye kakhulu ezimibalabala yaye vociferous phakathi ekhaya eSoviet izithuthi zobuqu - i bit ezisibhozo-"kumda wesangqa-06C". Kwakhona, le magazini "Radio" epapashwe iziphaluka ezininzi microcomputer "Radio 86RK" kunyaka 1986 kwaye lo mfuziselo elula kangangokuba kweso ndizuze ithandwa kakhulu. analogs ubonakele, kunye ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezininzi yezi, bona abo bangekamkeli kwemveliso yoshishino. Umzekelo, "Microsha" - ikhompyutha kunye negama ezinothando. "Radio 86RK" edibene kakuhle "Micro-80", yiyo loo nto kwabonakala.

Enye PC esingundoqo zokufunda - "Corvette". Le khompyutha wawunzima kakhulu kwaye multi-functional, nakuba bit ezisibhozo-. RAM lincinane - kuphela 257 KB, kodwa abo amaxesha lo ungumzekeliso ozise gorgeous. Ukongeza, yemizobo umbala enesisombululo eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo - amanqaku 512h256, hardware, ividiyo isilawuli itekisi, generator isandi - PC analog IBM, LAN, mouse, kwi desktop, yomshicileli, idrayivu yediski - konke oku yaye ngakumbi ke bekucingwa njalo ngaphambili. Enye into elungileyo yaba engahlawulwayo "Orion-128", naye esibhozo-wadala kufuphi engahlawulwayo eMoscow radio Vyacheslav Safronov kunye nabahlobo bakhe. Ngowe-1990, bapapasha uphuhliso lowu "Radio".

Igagasi wokugqibela

yee- Mid yabalasela zanda enkulu kwisakhiwo computer ekhaya, kukho inani elikhulu iingcamango ezintle yoqobo. Kwabonakala - nhlanganiso! Kodwa apho ke. Gorbachev kaThixo eSoviet Union kunye rapprochement kuqoqosho lwehlabathi abazange akhokele ilizwe kwinkqubela. Indida - okwahlukileyo kwenzeke. ikhompyutha basekhaya elektroniki kushishino ilahleko impumelelo yayo phambili.

Kwakukho shift omkhulu kwi mba sele kudala kuphelelwa kunye neemodeli ezilula - Spectrum-ehambelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela elula ehambelanayo ne IBM, nayo yaveliswa. Kodwa kuphela uphuhliso eSoviet wayeka bonke ngo-1992. Bonke abenzi watshintshela umgangatho yomhlaba eyodwa - akhuphe iikhompyutha zobuqu IBM-ehambelanayo kuphela.

iziphumo

On the hardware lwasekhaya wagqiba ekubeni athethe kakubi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Kuphela malunga ezimbi socialism kunye noqoqosho ezicwangcisiweyo, apho siya kuba 'kusala ngasemva ngonaphakade ", kodwa yokuba kwi West, iteknoloji bekusoloko ilungileyo, kodwa Russian - Krivorukov kunye neekhompyutha ayikwazi ukukwenza.

Kodwa, ngokoqobo zonke yamanqaku iikhompyutha eSoviet ngentla kungalindelekanga le nguqu kakhulu. Baba ngokubanzi nje. Enyanisweni, i-elektroniki kwi-USSR phambili kakhulu kwinqanaba lwehlabathi ngeendlela ezininzi ngaphambi kushishino elifanayo kwi West, yintoni niyandingqinela ukuba iinkqubo zethu emkhosini kunye nendawo.