Divergence - kukuba eziphilayo leyo? izibonelo divergence

Divergence eziphilayo - ntoni na? Kwezinye iimeko, abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo peripheral ingaba nomahluko zemfuza ukusuka bonke abemi, ingakumbi apho kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo. divergence zeemvelo - kuyaqhubeka eziphilayo apho abemi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kweentlobo zooyise ngokuzimeleyo baziqwebele utshintsho genetic (zofuzo) ukwenzela ukuvelisa ziyakwazi ukuphila inzala. ntlobo ezifuzeneyo abantu eziphambukileyo inokuquka zofuzo aluchaphazeli phenotype, kwakunye ngenxa neenguqu ezibalulekileyo morphological kunye nokomzimba.

divergence genetic

Kwinqanaba ezinto imizila yemfuza divergence eziphilayo - na utshintsho yemfuza kwenzeka ngenxa speciation. Nakuba kunjalo, abaphandi bathi akunakwenzeka ukuba le meko kubangelwe ebalulekileyo olunye-off kunye imizila ebhudla babeziindawo yemfuza. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, la yemfuza ayikwazanga kutshintshelwa kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngenxa yoko, kokukhona kusenokwenzeka iyavumelana ngumfuziselo bodwa nezenzala, esisisiphumo kohlo- ezincinane ezininzi ngexesha zazivelela.

kwemvelo kwemi-

Ngokutsho ingcamango yendaleko, le divergence eziphilayo - yinto isenzeko isalamane apho ezi abemi angemi ekuqaleni umahluko kwinkqubo yophuhliso yendaleko, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe yaye abahlukene kakhulu. Le nkqubo kwakhona eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ukungangqinelani" kuchazwa "The Origin of Species" (1859). Phambi Darwin imigca ezininzi ukusuka wokuqhuba usembindini uhlobo iintlobo ezichazwe Alfred Russel Wallace kunyaka 1858. Ngokutsho ingcamango yemveli yendaleko, le divergence yeyenjongo ezimbini eziphambili:

• Ivumela umzimba lo hlobo kusinda ngokusetyenziswa lalisiba ezintsha yebhayoloji kwifomu iguqulwe kancinane.
• Le yantlukwano kwanda kwandisa amandla olulungisiweyo sizukulwana abaselula ukuba ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala.

Ezi zimvo kuphela ezingenzeka, ekubeni zabakubonileyo kube nzima kakhulu kwaye kube nzima.

divergence ezinto

Yintoni na ngokwemiqathango eziphilayo? Le umyinge nucleotides nezahlukileyo phakathi kwabo amacandelo amabini DNA. Oku anokwahluka ipesenti acid phakathi polypeptides ezimbini. Igama elithi "divergence" lisetyenziswa kule meko kuba kukho ingcamango yokuba molekyuli zimbini inzala omnye kwemolekyuli lomzali. Kwinkqubo kwemvelo yabonakala kuphela umahluko kodwa ekudibaneni ngeziganeko, ezifana hybridization kunye nokudluliselwa tye. Yaye iziganeko ezinjalo kwenzeka ngakumbi rhoqo. iindlela Ezinto of divergence yendaleko of genetic material ziquka kwabadlali nucleotide, cimo, afakwa kwifayili, recombination chromosomal, transposition and inversion, uphindaphindo, ukuguquka kunye transfer sofuzo tye. Inani labadlali nucleotide ngumlinganiselo elula luncedo weqondo divergence phakathi landelanisa ezimbini. Enyanisweni, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezikhoyo ukuqikelela inani labadlali nucleotide kunye nokwakhiwa emthini phylogenetic ezivakalisa umahluko umendo kwi inkqubo zazivelela.

Togu yokuhlangabezana

Divergence eziphilayo - i-analogue zokuhlangabezana yendaleko, apho eziphilayo nezinyanya ezingafani sifane ngenxa ukhetho zendalo. Umzekelo, iimpukane neentaka ekhulisa ukuba efanayo ngengqiqo ukuba amaphiko kwaye ukubhabha, nangona ookhokho babo ukubhabha eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Eneneni, aba babini bangamalungu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Divergence eziphilayo - kuba sisiganeko yokuzivelela apho kwakukho phawu ezimbini morphological okanye ngemolekyula ukusuka kuhlobo olunye. Ezi mpawu ezo zifanayo ekuqaleni, kodwa baye owahlukeneyo ngexesha zazivelela. Kwimeko divergence kufuneka libe kwinqanaba elithile ukufana phakathi iimpawu ezimbini lityhale kwinkolelo yokuba kwakukho kukhokho eqhelekileyo. Kuba convergence, phezu koko, kufuneka kubekho dissimilarity ethile, kuba iimpawu ezithile ziye abolekwe izinyanya ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko, umahluko phakathi divergence kunye ukuhlangabezana kunzima ukufaka.

Divergence kwimifanekiso eziphilayo

Eziphambukileyo Evolution (divergentia lat -. Divergence) idla usisiphumo nokuhanjiswa zohlobo olufanayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ekwanti. Imizekelo iquka oku kulandelayo: uninzi lwabantu kule planethi kuba amalungu aphezulu ebantwini kunye obeku- - isandla lomqolo - ezihamba ngamathupha azo yeentaka - amaphiko, intlanzi - izinto ezingenamaphiko njalo njalo. Zonke ezi zitho zisetyenziswa eziphilayo ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa imvelaphi yazo efanayo. Le divergence kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqela eziphilayo ezinxulumeneyo. Xa linokuya liba likhulu inani umahluko, kokukhona ukungangqinelani. Nemizekelo ezinjalo kwindalo, kukho ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana impungutye. Ukuba ezihlala wayo entlango, noboya kwizilwanyana oluthile lombala kunceda ukuba zizenze kumarhamncwa. iingcuka Red uhlala emahlathini, apho "ingubo ebomvu" kudityaniswe ubuhle bendawo. Entlango, ubushushu yenza kube nzima ukuba bubushushu, ngoko ezindlebeni impungutye le iye yaguquka ukuya kwiqondo enkulu, ukuze umzimba ubani ayeke ubushushu obugqithisileyo. Ubaluleke kakhulu kulo mzekelo ngokuyintloko iimeko ezahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokukwazi ukumelana neemfuno, kunokuba umahluko yemfuza. Ukuba babehlala imvelo efanayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babeza kuba kuphuhliswa ngendlela efanayo. kwemvelo eziphambukileyo - yinto isiqinisekiso kufutshane yemfuza.

Le divergence endalweni: imizekelo

Evolution - yinkqubo apho eziphilayo zingatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Eyona iphambili kukuba konke oku olucothayo kakhulu kwaye kuthatha amawaka okanye ezigidi zeminyaka. Divergence eziphilayo - ntoni na? Cinga, umzekelo, kukho utshintsho emzimbeni womntu: ezinye phezulu, ezinye phantsi, abanye abe neenwele ebomvu, omnye - amnyama, kukho ukukhanya ngebala, omnyama ngebala apho. Njengabantu, nezinye izinto eziphilayo nazo eninzi ukutshintshatshintsha phakathi labemi enye.

Divergence - i Biology (imizekelo ebonisa oku) ezifunekayo ukuqokelelela yotshintsho lokusinda sofuzo. Unako ukunika umzekelo ubomi benene. On the zeGalapagos Islands zininzi iintlobo zeentaka. Xa uCharles Darwin watyelela ezi ndawo, wathi ukuba ezi zilwanyana ngokwenene efanayo, kodwa ezinye umahluko ophambili phakathi kwabo ntoni zikhona. Yeyona ubukhulu kunye nokumila nemilomo zabo. ukhokho wawo yengcolileyo unenzondelelo radiation olwenziwayo, ukuba negalelo, ukuphuhliswa iintlobo ezintsha. Umzekelo, kwi-siqithi, apho mbewu intabalala, nemilomo zeentaka ayikwazanga ifanelane ngcono Kulo hlobo lokutya. On esinye isakhiwo kwisiqithi kumlomo ukunceda izilwanyana ezitya izinambuzane. Ekugqibeleni, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezintsha, yaye nganye iimpawu zayo ezizodwa.

kwemvelo eziphambukileyo kwenzeka xa sithetha uhlobo olutsha. Njengomgaqo, kuyimfuneko ukuze ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo omhle unyawo lomntu, nto leyo yahluke kakhulu ukusuka imilenze nenkawu, nangona ukhokho zawo ezifanayo - a hlobo. A uhlobo olutsha (kulo mzekelo, abantu) bavela ngokuba akusekho mfuneko yokuba ukukhwela emithini. Bipedalism wenze utshintsho oluyimfuneko kule mfumba ukuphucula isantya, ukulinganiswa kunye nentshukumo nangokuthe chu kumphezulu womhlaba. Nangona abantu kunye iinkawu ziyafana zemfuza, ziye zasungula ezininzi iimpawu eziphathekayo eziyimfuneko ukuze siphile.