Incwadi by Charles Darwin kaThixo "The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Natural yoKhetho, okanye Ukulondolozwa Izizwe ethandwa kakhulu Umgudu Life"

Incwadi by Charles Darwin kaThixo "Origin of Species" umsebenzi wakhe eziphambili, ukuxelela ihlabathi malunga imfundiso yokuzivelela ubomi on Earth. ifuthe layo inzululwazi kwaba kakhulu. ncwadi yakhe nzulu British wabeka isiseko sexesha elitsha eziphilayo.

Ibali le ncwadi

umsebenzi Scientific "The Origin of Species" ezipapashwe Darwin ngo-1859. Inkangeleko le ncwadi kwakhokelwa iminyaka emininzi umsebenzi uphando. Isiseko imveliso kwakheka ingxelo Darwin kusukela 1837. Ngenxa semvelo, wayetyelela kuhambo lwakhe ihlabathi ababekhwele kweso "Beagle". Okubonwayo izilwanyana Umzantsi Melika kunye iziqithi tropical kweli hambo wakhokela British ukucinga ngayo ingaba yinyani ithiyori Church of the kaThixo imvelaphi yobomi.

Owandulela Darwin yaba Charlz Layel. izimvo zakhe waphefumlelwa yi umhambi. Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ngomsebenzi onzima beza ukuba zikhanyise ethi "The Origin of Species." Umbhali ephambili lesithembiso ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: zonke iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ziye zatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha. Umfutho esingundoqo milo yi umzabalazo ubomi. Ukususela kwisizukulwana uhlobo kwisizukulwana iimpawu luncedo aze balahle ezingeyomfuneko ukuze alungise ukuhlala kwindawo ekucaphukisayo.

Ukukhetha kwemvelo

upapasho zikaDarwin of a emangazayo. "Origin of Species" yathengwa phezulu ngesantya esikhulu, kwaye namarhe ngakumbi ngale ncwadi, kokukhona imfuno. Kwiminyaka emibini okanye emithathu, kukho iinguqulelo kwiilwimi eziphambili laseYurophu.

Yintoni na uluntu isimanga kangaka phambili? Xa Kwintshayelelo kwincwadi yakhe, ngokufutshane Darwin echazwe izimvo zakhe eziphambili. Ngaphezu koko, umbhali ngelithi ngcembe ngamnye ngenyameko ithisisi yakhe. Ekuqaleni kokuqwalasela amava horse kufuywe zizalele kukumagobo amavukuthu. Amava breeder Omnye umthombo iphefumlelwe ukuba sisazinzulu. Wamisa phambi kokuba umfundi umbuzo: "Kutheni kukho iintlobo zezilwanyana zasekhaya iguquka kwaye zahluka nezalamane zabo zasendle?" Kulo mzekelo, Darwin ngokufutshane yachaza imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ngendlela, ezinkulu wonke. Njengoko abantu basekhaya, ukuba utshintshwe ngenxa utshintsho lobume. Kodwa ukuba iinkomo ntetho yokukhetha ngumntu, ezenziwa ngumntu, uhlobo isenzo ngokukhethwa zendalo.

Kowazo neentlobo

Xa xesha Darwin lalingekafiki inkqubo iintlobo enobunye kokuhlambeleyo. Izazinzulu ziye olucetywayo beengcamango ezahlukeneyo kunye nantoni na awayefike sele ngokwamaqela izinto eziphilayo. A iinzame efanayo yenziwa kwincwadi ethi "The Origin of Species." UCharles Darwin kucalulo ngokwesini. unit nganye enjalo iquka iintlobo eziliqela. Lo mgaqo sikhona yonke. Umzekelo, zininzi iintlobo amahashe. Ezinye zazo ezinkulu, ezinye - ngokukhawuleza, ezinye zifumaneka kuphela kummandla othile. Ngoko ke, iintlobo - yenye kuphela iintlobo eziqhelekileyo sodidi.

Palette umehluko ngabanye kwavela ngenxa yohlobo. Kutya phandle ukuze yona - yinto rhoqo kumzabalazo ukuphila. Iikhosi izimvo zayo ukutshintsha yaye zahlulwe iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha ezahlukeneyo kakhulu omnye komnye. Uninzi phawu engabalulekanga unique (umzekelo, imilo kumlomo yeentaka) kunokuba luncedo kakhulu ukuphila. Abantu abaye baphumelela, ngokungafaniyo abamelwane ezingafani kusinda, uya kukunika iimpawu zalo lilifa bobempunde. A izizukulwana ezimbalwa uphawu ekhethekileyo uya kuba luphawu isethi ngabanye.

Le ubambene abachasi

Xa th 6 we-7 izahluko zencwadi yakhe Darwin iphendula ukugxekwa iqela imfundiso yakhe. Incwadi yokuqala kunokuba ungaziva wabona amabango kwindalo, iinkokeli zecawa kunye nezinye izazinzulu. Izintlelo ezalandela emva koko ekwabhengezwa ngemihla yakhe umbhali waphendula ngayo ukuphikisa ezithile abachasi, ebabiza ngegama.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Darwin ibingelilo ebeliciko lokuthetha esidlangalaleni. Mu bumi, inkolelo yakhe sirhelele ilungileyo Tomas Geksli. Kodwa cwaka ye-ofisi lonke Darwin ngamafuphi nangokuchanekileyo. Yena Raziel abachasi bakhe ngabanye mnye, kunokuba wasondela ngakumbi kuphela ingqalelo le ncwadi.

amanqaku ngezidalwa zamandulo

British sesayensi intshukumisa wezikhova ixesha elide kangaka, wabhala "The Origin of Species." UCharles Darwin akazange wachaza nje inkolelo yakhe ngokwemiqathango eziphilayo, kodwa walwela ukusebenzisa unikezelo kwendawo kwesayensi. Le Isazinzulu yabhekisela ezafunyanwa ezininzi zamathambo, eyayibhalwe imizila zezinto eziphilayo extinct. kwesayensi Ngenxa babe nethuba lokufunda ngokweenkcukacha iintlobo ezingekhoyo kunye neziphakathi.

Yaba umsebenzi zikaDarwin wenze le inzululwazi ethandwa kakhulu, kutheni kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX ngayo kokuhlangulwa ngendlela lokudubula ngokwenene. Enye sisazinzulu yokuqala ukuchaza indlela yolondolozo iintsalela. Waphawula ukuba phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusingqongileyo tissue organic ukufa ushiye kungekho mkhondo. Noko ke, xa emanzini, permafrost okanye evuthiweyo bayaqhubeka ixesha elide.

ekuhanjisweni

Ethetha ukufuduka kunye nokuhlaliswa kweentlobo, Darwin wakwazi ephuma isiphithiphithi nowuthsi kunye izibakala ukwakha inkqubo zomgquba, ezele imigaqo nemithetho. iziphumo zivunywa lisibekele nemozulu yonke. Eziphilayo, Noko ke, waphawula ukuba kukho izithintelo zendalo ekusasazweni lweentlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo. Xa oluhlala ezweni ezinjalo akhe phesheya - isibhakabhaka omkhulu wamanzi phakathi New and Old World.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, xa iingxoxo zabo, Darwin wayindulula ingcamango kumazwekazi ezingekhoyo (umz Atlantis). Ufuna ukwazi ngayo udaba lwakhe malunga nendlela ukusasaza azise kwisityalo nezwe. Scientist hypothesized ukuba kunokucaciswa mzekelo ulandelayo. Le mbewu kuginywa ziintaka, eziphezu ngendlela eya kwelinye icala lehlabathi wabashiya apho endleni. Esi sigqibo wayengekho yedwa. Izithole babe kunye edakeni ukuze babambelele ihamba yeentaka bavane nabo kwilizwekazi entsha. ukusasazeka kwisityalo yaba yinto ixesha.

iimpawu imibungu

Kwisahluko 14 Darwin arhola ingqalelo Ukufana niguqukele kwiziqalelo omzimba kunye nophuhliso osandul izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. zonke iintlobo Ukusuka baphawula wagqiba kwelokuba kwakukho imvelaphi eqhelekileyo. Kwelinye icala, yokufana ezinye iimpawu wachaza Scientist yokuhlala efanayo. Umzekelo, intlanzi kunye neminenga okunene abananto ibadibanisayo, nangona ngaphandle zikhangeleka malunga efanayo.

Darwin Kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba ezidla uhlobo olunye kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo xa hit kuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Zonke nethuku imibungu ezinxulumene factor enye kuphela - umnqweno ukusinda kwimeko etshintshayo. Ethetha imibungu, isazinzulu wababiza umlando ekhethekileyo iintlobo kuyo banendawo.

Isiphelo wencwadi

Elokuphetha umsebenzi wakhe, Darwin washwankathela eyakhe yophando lwakhe. incwadi yakhe imveliso obabuthandwa yeVictorian eNgilani zonke bokuphathisana njengesiqhelo elo xesha kunye nemixube ajikelezayo. Umzekelo, nangona umbhali yaza yaba ngunozala ingcaciso lwenzululwazi ukuyilwa wobomi, uye wenza izijekulo ezininzi liyachitha ngonqulo.

nangoko Iziphumo kwemvelo kanye imfundiso yokuzivelela yaba yingxaki enkulu ibandla. Kulo UYobi, Darwin Ziyakhunjuzwa Leibniz wagxeka imithetho Newton physics, kodwa ixesha lubonise ukuba ezi uhlaselo zazingalunganga. Umbhali yemisebenzi akukhuthazwa wabonakalisa ithemba lokuba ncwadi nobakhe ifumana ingqalelo, nangona kwindalo uxinzelelo eyomeleleyo kunye nezinye abagxeki. Namhlanje singatsho ngokuzithemba, yiloo nto eyenzekayo.