Yintoni na le reactor yenyukliya

Amazwi "reactor zenyukliya" ngoku kakuhle ngabo bonke, enyanisweni, waba uphawu lwe sexesha. Nangona ngeengozi zokusebenzisa izixhobo ezinjalo, ekukhanyeni zokuncipha yeoli oovimba eKhubheki ehlabathini amafutha enyukliya ziyathembisa kakhulu.

A reactor yenyukliya yinto isixhobo zobunjineli, apho indlela kulawulwa ngokucandeka of fissile material radioactive, ekhatshwa kuphuma amandla. Eyona njongo - isizukulwana umsinga yombane (izityalo amandla enyukliya - NPP), kunye nokufumana izinto fissile elinzima lwezakhi (uguqulelo). I-reactor zenyukliya zokuqala yahlangana wazibeka ukusebenza ngo-1942 eUnited States phantsi kweliso yamachiza sobuhandiba ngexesha lakhe - Enrique Fermi. kwiminyaka emithathu emva reactor yayo lasungula eKhanada, yaye ngo-1946 - Russian.

Siphawula ingongoma enye ebalulekileyo: Abantu abaninzi angaqhelekanga kunye nesihloko, bakholelwa ukuba reactor yenyukliya ugesi ngqo, kwaye eceleni kumafutha fissile eqhumayo. Ngelishwa, oku akunjalo. Enyanisweni, i-reactor Inyukliya imbawula enkulu, ukuba akunjalo "reboiler" ezazisa ubushushu medium eyenza umsebenzi imveliso luncedo kwaye umbane esebenzisa wenkunkuma eqhelekileyo.

Ukuze siphendule imibuzo emininzi, cinga iyunithi reactor yenyukliya. Ngokwemo, nayiphi reactor zenyukliya ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

- zone ephakathi esebenzayo kunye neutron kuphatha fast. Oku kulapho enziwe ngokucandeka;

- umaleko ebonisa neutron. Kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa kwii ka ionizing radiation, kwakunye ukuphucula ukusebenza kolu fakelo;

- ukhuseleko kwimitha. Njengomgaqo, kukukhokela amakhaka;

- njengesipholisi. Yonke imifuziselo yangoku kubenzi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo;

- nuclei isixhobo yolawulo ngentonga ukubola ngexesha indlela;

- circuit apholisayo;

- indlela lulawule kude.

Kuba ukusebenza kubenzi benyukliya boilers kusetyenziswa enzima - uranium-233, 235 okanye neplutoniyam-239. Iimpawu zezi zinto kukuba ngeyunithi nganye ngexesha kubume atomic ivavanywa yokubola ezizenzekelayo (wokuqhekeka). Kule nkqubo, eziba ezi athom wakhululwa neutron. Atom ezilahlekileyo (ezifunyenwe) neutron iguqulelwa kwenye elementi lwezakhi. Ngokomzekelo, ngendlela yokuba Uranium-neplutoniyam-238 ilungiselwe 239. Ngo atom ezikufutshane yesixhobo amafutha na, ngenxa neutron yayo ezongezelelweyo zesantya release eliphezulu. ukunyuka bubonke progression - iqala chain reaction of ngokucandeka. Ukuba kweli nqanaba ukuba ukuthatha amanyathelo ummiselo wayo, isiphumo i lawulekiki ikhonkco yenyukliya reaction, ehamba kunye release udaka imali ezinkulu ze-eneji (dubulo enyukliya).

Ukulawula ukusetyenziswa indlela ezimbini esibophelelayo - usazisa yimodareyitha leyo kunciphisa neutron self-okuqinisa speed ukwenza kungena undoqo nokungenisa kwinamba oyifunayo kwizinti yolawulo (isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, okanye boron) ukufunxa neutron kwemfuneko.

Xa kuwohloka nuclei yenza ubushushu, nto leyo kumo a elijikeleziswa transfer ubushushu fluid (amanzi), oko iguqulelwa kwi ngomphunga iyajikeleza i-injini kunye wokuphehla umbane.

Eli cebo esisiseko. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kuyo. Umzekelo, amanzi-njengesipholisi inokuba zendalo okanye abilayo phantsi koxinzelelo. Le yokugqibela yenza kube lula ukufumana esibaselwe umphunga, ukwandisa ukusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, amanzi - hayi uhlobo kuphela njengesipholisi (inokuba igesi okanye a intsimbi ulwelo). Kwakhona, kwezinye iinguqulelo kubenzi nekudodobalisa lisusiwe.