Sulphuric acid. Formula, iimpawu, nokulungiselela kunye nokusetyenziswa

Sulphuric acid ligama zembali: ngeoli vitriol. Uphononongo ye asidi yaqala kumaxesha amandulo, kwiincwadi zakhe, nto ichazwa: igqirha Greek uDioscorides, lo semvelo wamaRoma Pliniy Starshy, kweyezazi Islamic gebhere, Razi kunye Ibn Sina kunye nabanye. Ngo yiSumere kwakukho uluhlu lwe vitriol, zihlelwa yi umbala kweziyobisi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, igama elithi "vitriol" umanyanisa crystalline carbohydrate sulfates zesinyithi divalent.

Ngenkulungwane ye-17, Dutch, usomachiza yaseJamani uJohann Glauber sulphuric acid elifunyenwe umlilo nesulfure ne potassium nitrate (KNO3) phambi umphunga wamanzi. Ngowe-1736, Dzhoshua Uord (a wemithi evela eLondon), le ndlela isetyenziswa kwimveliso. Eli ixesha kuthathwa kwindawo reference, xa sele isikali elikhulu baqalisa ukuba bavelise sulphuric acid. It Formula (H2SO4), ngokubanzi kucingelwa ukuba kufakelwe semichiza Swedish Berzelius (1779-1848) cwaka emva koko.

Berzelius usebenzisa oonobumba alfabhethi (imichiza obekiweyo) kunye neekhowudi aphantsi digital (kuboniswe linani kwi molecule, atom uhlobo elinikiweyo) bafumanisa ukuba molecule enye iqulethe 1 sulphur atom (S), athom ezimbini iperoksayidi (H) kunye 4 oksijini atom (O ). Ukususela ngelo xesha, oko kwazeka kuqamba loqobo nelomyinge kwemolekyuli, oko kukuthi, ngolwimi zemichiza ochazwe sulphuric acid.

Le ndlela yokubala kwesakhiwo, ebonisa ngokwegrafu kwilungiselelo efanayo-athom kwi molecule yaye imixokelelwane imichiza phakathi kwabo (bona zidla luchazwa ngegama imigca) yazisa ukuba embindini molecule i-atom nesulfure apho kabini yesondo athom ezimbini oksijini. Namanye athom ezimbini ioksijini nganye i-atom hydrogen eqhotyoshelweyo, i-atom sulphur nayo eziqhagamshelene kwiintambo elinye.

izakhiwo

Sulphuric acid - ezingenambala okanye omthubi kancinane, ulwelo viscous, enyibilikayo emanzini onke lamanani. Kuyinto enamandla kwizimbiwa acid. Acid ke elibulalayo kakhulu iintsimbi (sisebenzisana sebenawo kunye nesinyithi zokufudumeza, kwaye passivates) amatye, iithishu isilwanyana okanye ezinye izinto. It has hygroscopicity ophezulu kunye abuthethileyo iipropati enamandla oxidant. Xa amaqondo obushushu 10.4 ° C acid Ukuguqulwa kolwelo. Xa itshiswe ngeqondo ku 300 ° C phantse 99% acid ulahlekelwa sulphur trioxide (SO3).

iimpawu zayo ixhomekeka kwindlela ekwakugquba ngayo isisombululo zolwelo. Kukho amagama aqhelekileyo ukuba izisombululo acid. Yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano iasidi kuthathwa-10%. Egcwalisekayo - ukususela nge-29 ukuya 32%. Xa lamanani ngaphantsi kwama-75% (njengoko kuchaziwe kwi ISO 2184) ibizwa ngokuba inqaba. Ukuba ndzo ka-98%, ngoko kuya kuba sulphuric acid bagxila. ifomula (Chemical okanye iimbali zesakhiwo) kuzo zonke iimeko kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Xa unyityilikiswa sulphuric acid kanzulu, sulphur trioxide okanye oleum ibunjiwe lokhu sulphuric acid, ifomula yayo zinokubhalwa njenge: H2S2O7. Net acid (H2S2O7) unezakhe lobushushu yokunyibilika into eqinileyo a ka 36 ° C. sulphuric acid ukuxovwa reaction luphawulwa ukukhululwa ubushushu ngesixa-mali esikhulu.

acid ihlanjululwa ke waphendula kunye nentsimbi zakudibana leyo ebonisa izinto enamandla oxidant. Oku ibuyisela sulphuric acid, izinto ifomula kuyilwa eziqulathe zancitshiswa (ku-4, 0 okanye -2) i-atom isalfure, unokuba: SO2, S okanye H2S.

Idityaniswe non-isinyithi, umz, carbon okanye nesalfure:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Idityaniswe sodium chloride:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

Lubonakala ngumntu endaweni indlela electrophilic ye atom hydrogen eqhotyoshelwe ngekhonkco benzene le compound enuka kwiqela -SO3H.

indawo yolwamkelo

Ngowe-1831, i-PIN elilodwa lomenzi ndlela yokufumana H2SO4, nto leyo kungokunje eliyinhloko. Namhlanje uninzi sulphuric acid iveliswa usebenzisa le ndlela. Okubonakalayo kusetyenziswa ore sulphide (ngokuqhelekileyo intsimbi pyrite FeS2), nto leyo utshiswe amaziko ezizodwa, ngaloo ndlela bakha igesi calcined. Ekubeni lobushushu esisi ilingana 900 ° C, ngoko ke lupholile sulphuric acid kunye xi 70%. Irhasi nkanyamba kunye precipitator electrostatic ukuba icocwe ngothuli kwisiko iinqaba kunye xi acid ye-40 ne-10% of Ityhefu kuvala (As2O5 kunye fluorine), precipitators imanzi electrostatic of zetoti acid. Okulandelayo, irhasi calcined equlathe 9% sulphur dioxide (SO2), womile kwaye anikwe izixhobo zoqhagamshelwano. Watyhutyha ilizwe iileya 3 vanadium ngumnxibelelanisi, SO2 ke oxidized ku SO3. Wavala sulphur trioxide kwakhiwa, isetyenziswa sulphuric acid wamandla. isisombululo formula sulphur trioxide (SO3) e-sulphuric acid anhydrous yi H2S2O7. Kule fomu oleum kwi kwamatanki sobhedu luyagqithiswa umsebenzisi apho exutywe kwindlela ekwakugquba oyifunayo.

isicelo

Ngenxa kwiipropati imichiza ezahlukeneyo, H2SO4 enoluhlu olubanzi izicelo. Ekuvelisweni esiti ngokwaso, njengoko electrolyte kwi iibhetri abakhokelayo-acid ukuvelisa abacoci ezahlukeneyo, loo nto nayo i reactant ebalulekileyo kushishino kwemichiza le. Kwakhona asetyenziswe kwimveliso: alkoholi, iplastiki, idayi, irabha, uEster, yokuncamathelisa, iziqhushumbisi, iisepha kunye iisepha, namayeza afanelekileyo, Intlama nePhepha, neoli.