Eziphilayo - it ... ezisisiNyanzeliso Lamachiza

Le biomass yeplanethi yethu yenziwe ngabameli zonke izikumkani yendalo: izilwanyana, izityalo, nomngundo, iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane. bukhulu kangaka inani labameli abasuka zobukumkani ngamnye ukuba umntu bazibuze kuphela indlela we beka emhlabeni. Kodwa nangona kule yantlukwano, zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni lidibanisa iimpawu ezininzi ezinkulu.

Le commonality zonke izinto eziphilayo

Ubungqina kuquka iimpawu ezininzi ezisisiseko izinto eziphilayo:

• Amandla afunekayo (ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo ngaphakathi emzimbeni);
• imfuneko uphefumla (igcwala begazi) ;
• ukukwazi ukuba nokuzala;
• ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi.

Nayiphi na iinkqubo thaca kwi ubunzima emzimbeni ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Wonke yesibini ngaphakathi naziphi na izinto eziphilileyo, ingakumbi abantu zenzeka reactions amagama amakhulu kunye nokucazululwa kuka iimolekyuli. Isakhiwo, ingakumbi amanye amachiza, intsebenziswano kunye nabanye, kuyondelelaniswe, ucazululo ngasinye nokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha molecule izakhiwo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo - yonke into isihloko isayensi enkulu, umdla kunye ezahlukahlukeneyo. Eziphilayo - indawo oselula okuqhubekayo ulwazi lifunda zonke iinkqubo yemichiza kuqhubeka phakathi izidalwa eziphilayo.

into

Injongo yokufunda ezinto ukuba izinto eziphilayo kuphela yaye zonke ezenzeka kwiinkqubo zawo ebomini. Ngokukodwa - ekudibaneni kwemichiza ezenzeka ngexesha ukufunxeka ukutya, ukwahlukana kwemveliso inkunkuma, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso. Ngoko ke, izisekelo ngamachiza na isifundo:

1. Iifom Non-cellular ubomi - iintsholongwane.
2. iiseli Prokaryotic virus.
3. izityalo Higher ngokuhla.
4. Izilwanyana zonke iiklasi ezaziwayo.
5. umzimba Human.

Ngelo xesha yena eziphilayo - inzululwazi usemtsha ngokwaneleyo, kwavela kuphela ukuqokelela imali eyaneleyo ulwazi malunga neenkqubo zangaphakathi eziphilayo. Imihla ukuvela ngokwahlukana kwayo ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX.

Forums ezinto Modern

Ngelo langoku inqanaba lophuhliso ngamachiza iquka amacandelo eziliqela eziphambili, ezo lucaciswa kule theyibhile.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi sithi ngamachiza - yiseti lenzululwazi encinane ukugquma zonke iindidi iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo yangaphakathi eziphilayo.

abaxhasi isayensi

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko waqokelela ulwazi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwaye abonakala izakhono yenzululwazi ukuzilungisa iziphumo zophando, ekupheliseni amathanga yintsholongwane, ukukotshwa DNA kunye RNA, yokufaka kwimimandla eyaziwa ngokucacileyo zofuzo kunye mihlaba ezinqwenelekayo njalo njalo, ukuba kukho imfuneko kweyobunzululwazi ngakumbi, nto leyo ke oonyana ngamachiza . Oku Sciences ezifana:

• ezinto eziphilayo;
• engineering genetic;
• utyando Gene;
• genetics ezinto;
• enzymology;
• zizifo ezithile;
• biophysics eziphilayo.

Nganye kwezi nkalo lwazi eninzi impumelelo ekufundeni iinkqubo ezibubhayoloji eziphilayo ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji, ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu. Bonke bangamalungu ngenzululwazi kwenkulungwane XX.

Izizathu uphuhliso olumandla eziphilayo ezingamalungu Sciences

Ngowe-1958 wavula Koran kunye nesakhiwo sayo gene, ngoko ngo-1961 ikhowudi yezofuzo iye ziqala. Ngoko ke, kwafunyanwa isakhiwo kwemolekyuli DNA - isakhiwo kabini-ndixakene ekwaziyo phindana (self-phindaphinda). zonke iinkcukacha ezichazwe ukutya (anabolism kunye catabolism) bafunda isakhiwo ephakamileyo kunye koqeqesho kwemolekyuli protini. Kwaye oku uluhlu olupheleleyo ezinkulu ezifunyaniswe amakhulu kwinkulungwane XX, ezenza isiseko ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Zonke ezi ndlela kuba ezinto kunye nenzululwazi ngokwayo hlobo. Ngoko ke, lo imiqathango malunga nophuhliso yalo abaninzi. Kukho izizathu ezininzi uthsintsho yayo mihla umfutho ukwakheka.

1. Ukutyhilwa iziseko ezininzi iinkqubo wemichiza esivulekayo eziphilayo.
2. It yaqulunqa umgaqo zobunye uninzi nokomzimba namandla kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo (umzekelo, ukuba ziyafana iintsholongwane kunye nabantu).
3. Medical eziphilayo ibonelela isitshixo kwimpatho ubunzima kwezifo ezinzima neziyingozi ezahlukeneyo.
4. Ngoncedo lwe ezinto kuye kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusondela ekusombululeni ezininzi iingxaki zehlabathi eziphilayo kunye namayeza.

Ngoko ke nesiphelo: ngamachiza - na inzululwazi eqhubela phambili, kubalulekile kwaye ebanzi kakhulu ecacicleyo kusenza sikwazi ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi yoluntu.

Ezinto e Russia

Kwilizwe lethu, ngamachiza na yesayensi phambili ebalulekileyo, njengoko ehlabathini liphela. In Russia kukho Institute of ezinto. A. N. Baha Academy of Sciences, Institute of ezinto kunye Physiology kwaziwe. G. K. Skryabina Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of eziphilayo, Russian Academy of Sciences. izazinzulu zethu bobabo indima enkulu kunye eninzi impumelelo kwimbali yenzululwazi. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwavulwa immunoelektrofareza indlela, ezisebenza glycolysis, yaqulunqa umgaqo of complementarity of nucleotides kulwakhiwo kwemolekyuli DNA waza wenza inani ezinye yezinto ezibaluleke. Xa XIX ezifike kwenkulungwane XX ekuqaleni. izikhungo lonke kwasekwa engundoqo, kwaye Lamachiza yeSebe kwezinye iiyunivesithi. Noko ke, kungekudala kwabakho imfuneko yokuba ukwandisa isithuba isifundo kwale nzululwazi ngenxa kuphuhliso yayo kakhulu.

iinkqubo nemvelo kwezityalo

Plant eziphilayo kuhlangene ukuya nokomzimba. Ngokubanzi, isihloko zokufunda ngamachiza kunye amalungu lwezityalo ngu:

• umsebenzi ebalulekileyo weseli zezityalo;
• photosynthesis;
• uphefumlayo;
• unyango plant zolwelo;
• kwezimbiwa nutrition;
• umgangatho kwezityalo amalungu wesiseko yayo;
• ukumelana kwezityalo ezinambuzane kunye neemeko engentle yokusingqongileyo.

Ukubaluleka kwezolimo

Ubunzulu ulwazi iinkqubo ngamachiza kwi plant cells nezihlunu kuvumela ukuphucula umgangatho nomthamo wabo ukuvuna izityalo yenkcubeko, ezo abavelisi abaninzi ukutya kubalulekile lonke uluntu. Ukongeza, Plant Physiology kunye ezinto ukuvumela ukuba sifumane izisombululo kwiingxaki izinambuzane ziintshulube, isityalo ukumelana neemeko engentle yokusingqongileyo kwenza kube lula ukuphucula umgangatho kwimveliso yezityalo.