Igcwala biological. reactions Redox: Imizekelo

Ngaphandle energy ayikho na omnye wokuba ophilayo. Ngapha koko, yonke indlela imichiza, nayiphi na inkqubo zifuna phambi kwayo. Nawuphi umntu lula ukuqonda oko kwaye uzive ngayo. Ukuba imini yonke, ukuba badle ukudla, ngoko ke ngokuhlwa, yaye mhlawumbi ngaphambili, iimpawu ukudinwa ukwanda Okokuqala, ubuthathaka, amandla eliphantsi kakhulu.

Njani, ke ngoko, eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo indlela bebeziqhelanisa ekuvelisweni amandla? Ingaba Wayevela phi, efuna ntoni khona iinkqubo kwenzeka ngexesha elinye ngaphakathi yokuhlala? Zama ukuqonda eli nqaku.

Ukufumana izinto energy

Nayiphi na indlela akukho amandla litshe liphele, isiseko kulala kuhlala OVR (reactions redox). Imizekelo zahlukile. lenxaki photosynthesis, oluqhutywa izityalo eziluhlaza yaye ezinye iintsholongwane - nje ikwa OVR. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nkqubo iya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke ukuthini into ngaphandle kwesisa ephilayo.

Ngoko ke, zonke izilwanyana - it heterotrophs. Ngamanye ezinjalo eziphilayo ezo akakwazi kuphela ukwenza ngaphakathi ilungele oganikhi khompawundi ngakumbi ngokwayo kunye kokukhululwa kwabo cleavage amandla iibhondi imichiza.

Izityalo, kwelinye icala, zezona umvelisi sinamandla zenkqunto lweziphili olwahlala emhlabeni wethu. Abawenza yinkqubo entsonkothileyo nebalulekileyo ekuthiwa yiphotosynthesis, nto leyo ukuyilwa glucose ngamanzi, icarbon dioxide phantsi kwempembelelo kwezinto ezikhethekileyo - yiklorofili. A yi-imveliso mpilo, umthombo wobomi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo aerobic.

reactions Redox, imizekelo kuwo iboniswe kule nkqubo:

• 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = yiklorofili = C ₆ H ₁₀ Owu ₆ + 6O _2;

okanye

• carbon dioxide + hydrogen oxide phantsi kwempembelelo kombala yiklorofili (enzyme reaction) + = monosaccharide ezamahala ezinto oxygen.

Kwakhona, kukho kwakhona abameli biomass le planethi abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa amandla neentambo lwemichiza iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo. Zibizwa ngokuba chemotroph. Ezi zibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi iintsholongwane. Umzekelo, Cya ezi hydrogen, oxidizing zinemoletyhule zeendawana emhlabeni. Le nkqubo lwenzeka ngokomgaqo wokubala: 2H ₂ 0 ₂ = 2H ₂ 0.

Imbali uphuhliso lolwazi malunga igcwala eziphilayo

Le nkqubo leyo sisiseko amandla, kuyaziwa namhlanje. Le igcwala eziphilayo. Eziphilayo njengoko isifundo oluneenkcukacha lwe iinkcukacha kunye ezisebenza amanyathelo amanyathelo nokuntsonkotha beziphantse ukumka. Noko ke, akusoloko.

Sisihlandlo sokuqala yokuba ngaphakathi izinto eziphilileyo ezimpontshelwa utshintshwano ezintsonkothileyo, ezingaye uhlobo ekudibaneni kwemichiza, kwakukho kalukhuni kwinkulungwane XVIII. Yaba ngeli xesha, Antuan Lavuaze, lo usomachiza odumileyo French, waphethulela ingqalelo yakhe ngendlela efanayo igcwala eziphilayo komlilo. Walandela indlela engumzekelo xa uphefumla oksijini etsalwe waza wagqiba kwelokuba zisenzeka umzimba iinkqubo igcwala, kodwa ingacota kunendlela ngaphandle ngethuba ukutshiswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi, oxidizer - mpilo - ukuba baye oganikhi khompawundi, ingakumbi, kunye yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon kubo, kwaye ukuguqulwa ngokupheleleyo, ekhatshwa yokubola imichiza.

Noko ke, nangona le ngqikelelo eyona yokwenene kakhulu, wahlala kufihla izinto ezininzi. Umzekelo:

• iinkqubo ixesha ezifanayo, kwaye ke imiqathango yokumpompoza kufuneka efanayo, kodwa igcwala aqhubeke kubushushu umzimba elisezantsi;
• isenzo ihamba release mali olukhulu ngamandla obushushu kunye nokusekwa ilangatye kwenzeka;
• ezintweni eziphilayo kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-75-80% amanzi, kodwa oko akuthethi ukunqanda "evuthayo" izondlo kuzo.

Ukuze siphendule yonke le mibuzo uze uqonde ukuba ngokwenene yintoni igcwala eziphilayo, kufuneka ngaphezu konyaka omnye.

Kukho imibono ezahlukeneyo vula ukubaluleka inkqubo oksijini hydrogen. Eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwaye kakhulu yaphumelela:

• theory bach kaThixo, ebizwa peroxide;
• theory Palladin, olusekelwe phezu ngqikelelo njengoko "chromogens" ezinjalo.

Kamva kwakukho izazinzulu ezininzi eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe ehlabathini, ngokuthe ngcembe kongeza kunye utshintsho umbuzo wokuba yintoni igcwala eziphilayo. Eziphilayo of namhlanje, ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, mandivunyelwe ndithethe kuni ngokuphandle malunga ngalinye lenkqubo reaction. Phakathi amagama adumileyo kule nkalo zezi zilandelayo:

• Mitchell;
• SV Severin;
• Warburg;
• VA Belitser;
• Lehninger;
• VP Skulachev;
• Krebs;
• Green;
• V. A. Engelgardt;
• Kaylin nabanye.

Types of igcwala eziphilayo

iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko zingahlukaniswa senkqubo ezenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, lo ixhaphake kakhulu kwiintlobo ezininzi kwaziwe nomngundo indlela ukuguqula kwisiphumo ukutya - le anaerobic. Le igcwala eziphilayo, oluqhutywa ingekho i-oksijini kwaye ngaphandle ukuzibandakanya kwakhe naluphi na uhlobo. loo miqathango iyenziwa kwiindawo apho kungekho ukufikelela umoya: komhlaba, uhageleyo komnye, silts, clays, imigxobhozo nkqu esithubeni.

Olu hlobo igcwala inomnye igama - glycolysis. Kwakhona enye amanyathelo yinkqubo enzima kakhulu ixesha elide, kodwa ngenkuthalo zizityebi - ukuguqula le internal aerobic okanye kwithishyu. Olu ke uhlobo yesibini yenkqubo. Oku kwenzeka kuzo zonke aerobic eziphilayo izidalwa-heterotrophs, ezisebenzisa ioksijini yokuphefumla.

Ngoko ke, ezi ntlobo igcwala eziphilayo.

1. Glycolysis, udlula anaerobic. Akudingi kukho ioksijini ize iphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yokubola.
2. Ijwabu nokuphefumla (oxidative phosphorylation), okanye uhlobo aerobic. Ifuna ubukho imbopheleleko ioksijini eziphilayo.

abadlali

Ngoku cinga ngokwabo features ngqo equlathe igcwala eziphilayo. Chaza le khompawundi ezisisiseko kunye nezishunqulelo zabo, nto leyo eya kuqhubeka ukuyisebenzisa.

1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-awula) - amafu of oxalic acid kunye acetic acid, coenzyme, oluthi luqokelelane inyathelo lokuqala kumjikelo acid tricarboxylic.
2. Krebs Umjikelo (umjikelo asidi citric, tricarboxylic acid) - inani utshintshwano redox ezimbaxa ezilandelelanayo ebandakanya kuphuma amandla, ukuncitshiswa hydrogen, ukuyilwa kwemveliso ubunzima lwalusanda ephantsi ebalulekileyo. Yeyona catalyze link ezingundoqo anabolism.
3. Nad kunye nad * H - transcriptase dehydrogenase, dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine umi. Le ndlela yokubala yesibini - zinemoletyhule kunye hydrogen eqhotyoshelweyo. NADP - phosphate nikotinamidadenindinukletid.
4. Phisa kunye zokunciphisa * H - flavin adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme dehydrogenase.
5. ATP - triphosphate adenosine.
6. PVK - acid pyruvic okanye pyruvate.
7. Succinate okanye succinic acid, H ₃ PO ₄ - phosphoric acid.
8. GTP - triphosphate guanosine, udidi nucleotides purine.
9. Njalo njalo - chain zothutho electron.
10. Enqanda Inkqubo: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenase, coenzymes ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye kusitsha.

Zonke ezi zihlanganisi abanenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo igcwala okwenzeka emzimbeni (iiseli) yezinto eziphilayo.

Eli nqanaba igcwala eziphilayo: Table

Ezi zonke iinkqubo ezihamba igcwala eziphilayo ezibandakanya ioksijini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, azikho echazwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kuphela kwindalo, njengokuba inkcazo eneenkcukacha kufuneka sonke isahluko le ncwadi. Zonke iinkqubo kwemichiza zezinto eziphilayo kakhulu multi-yaye lubanzi.

inkqubo asabela Redox

reactions Redox, imizekelo apho zikhonjiswe iinkqubo igcwala zeendawana echazwe ngasentla zezi zilandelayo.

1. Glycolysis: monosaccharide (iswekile) + 2NAD ⁺ = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4H + ⁺ O ₂ + 2H + NADH.
2. Igcwala of pyruvate: enzyme = STC + carbon dioxide + acetaldehyde. Ke elandelayo yenqwanqwa: Acetaldehyde + coenzyme A = acetyl-awula.
3. A ezininzi utshintshwano ezilandelelanayo of citric acid kumjikelo Krebs.

Ezi abasabela redox olubonakala ngasentla, zibonise kakuhle iinkqubo kuphela ngokubanzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iikhompawundi kumbuzo siyahambelana macromolecular okanye amathambo carbon enkulu, ngoko kukuveza yonke indlela epheleleyo nje akunakwenzeka.

Amandla yemveliso le respiration inyama

Ngokutsho inkcazo engasentla kucacile ukuba ukubala imveliso lilonke onke amandla igcwala kulula.

1. molekyuli Ezimbini ATP unika glycolysis.
2. Igcwala of pyruvate 12 iimolekyuli ATP.
3. 22 akhawunti molecule kumjikelo asidi tricarboxylic.

Iyonke: iyonke aerobic igcwala zebhayoloji ngendlela unika amandla isivuno lingana 36 molecule ATP. Meaning biooxidation ezicacileyo. Yiyo le eneji esetyenziswa yi eziphilayo ukuze baphile kwaye umsebenzi ophilileyo, kwakunye ukufudumeza umzimba wakhe, intshukumo kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko.

igcwala zeendawana anaerobic

Uhlobo lwesibini igcwala eziphilayo - le anaerobic. Leyo lowo ikhutshwa phandle konke konke, kodwa oyekayo iintlobo ezithile ezincinane. It glycolysis, kwaye apha ukuba umahluko zibonwa ngokucacileyo ukuguquka elizayo kwezinto phakathi aerobic kunye anaerobic.

Eziphilayo igcwala inyathelo yale ndlela ezininzi.

1. Glycolysis, okt igcwala neemolekyuli glucose ukuba pyruvate.
2. Ukubila, okukhokelela ngokutsha ATP.

Ukubila unokuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke eziphilayo, ekuphumezeni yayo.

ukubila lactic

Olwenziwe iintsholongwane acid lactic kunye nezinye izinto. Le ke umongo ukubuyisela PVC ukuya lactic acid. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kushishino ukuvelisa:

• imveliso yobisi;
• imifuno zifakwa kunye neziqhamo;
• silage for izilwanyana.

Olu hlobo yokubola yenye yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimfuno zabantu.

ukubila utshwala

abantu eyaziwayo maxesha amandulo. Kakuhle eli inkqubo ukuyiguqula STC ibe iimolekyuli ezimbini ethanol ezimbini carbon dioxide. Ngalo uphumo mveliso, olu hlobo yokubola kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa:

• isonka;
• iwayini;
• beer;
• confectionery kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukwenza yakhe igwele mushroom kunye amagciwane amagciwane.

butyric Ukubila asidi

Kwane- uhlobo esinda ezithile yokubola. iintsholongwane wayisa sodidi zeClostridium. Umongo iqulathe kwi ukuguquka pyruvate zibe butyric acid, efundisa amavumba ukutya kunye nemvakalo rancid.

Ngoko ke biooxidation reaction ngokuya kule ndlela, Oku esetyenziswa kwishishini. Nangona kunjalo, ezi bacterium self-yodaka ukutya kunye ububi, lisibekele umgangatho wabo.