Internal yeselula nangefotosinthesisi. Aerobic internal yeselula

IFotosinthesisi kunye nokuphefumla - iinkqubo ezimbini ezisisiseko ubomi. Zombini kwenzeka kwiseli. Eyokuqala - kwisityalo abanye igciwane, okwesibini - makanyebeleze kwaye yezityalo fungal, amagciwane.

Sinokuthi internal zeselula nangefotosinthesisi - iinkqubo zichasene. Inxalenye, oku ilungile, ekubeni ioksijini yokuqala wafunda waza wakhululwa carbon dioxide, kunye yesibini - phezu koko. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo zimbini ngokufanelekileyo ayinakuthelekiswa njengoko kwenzeka organelles ezahlukeneyo besebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo. Iinjongo apho xa zifuneka, kakhulu, yahlukile: photosynthesis neemfuno izondlo, kunye internal zeselula - kuba amandla.

IFotosinthesisi: apho yaye kwenzeka njani oku?

Le yokusabela chemical ejolise ekufumaneni izinto eziphilayo ezivela ezingaphiliyo. A imfuneko phambi yokumpompoza photosynthesis kwelanga, ekubeni amandla alo kuvala.

IFotosinthesisi uphawu kwisityalo, ungaboniswa i'quadratic ilandelayo:

• 6Ngoko ₂ + 6H ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Oko kukuthi, iimolekyuli icarbon dioxide ezintandathu kunye nenani elifanayo iimolekyuli zamanzi phambi zezityalo kwelanga wamkela noko amnye molecule glucose kunye amathandathu neoksijini.

Lo mzekelo elula photosynthesis. Kwakhona glucose nezinye nga kuhlanganiswa kwizityalo, isitatshi ezintsonkothileyo, ngokunjalo izinto zemvelo kwezinye iiklasi.

Nanku umzekelo ngokuveliswa acid iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo:

• 6Ngoko ₂ + 4H ₂ Owu + 2Ngoko ₄ ² + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Njengoko kubonakala, ezintandathu molecule carbon dioxide, ezo molekyuli ezine ngamanzi, ababini ion sulfate, ion nitrate, ion ezimbini ezintandathu hydrogen kusetyenziswa amandla elanga zingafumaneka molekyuli ezimbini cysteine anamathathu aza - oksijini.

inkqubo IFotosinthesisi ithatha indawo organelles ezikhethekileyo - chloroplasts. Aqulathe yiklorofili sakhi, apho kuvala basabele zeekhemikhali. Ezi organelles ifumaneka kuphela plant cells.

Ubume chloroplast

Le organelle, nto leyo eye ibhola side. ubungakanani chloroplast ngokuqhelekileyo 4-6 microns, kodwa ezinye iiseli ulwelwe kungabonwa plastids isigebenga - chromatophores, ogama lingu- microns-50.

Oku kubhekisela dvuhmembrannym organelle. Oku singqongwe kweqokobhe nomphandle wocango. Bona ohlulwe kwabanye isithuba ngasinye intermembrane.

Okusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi chloroplast eyaziwa ngokuba "stroma". Iqulethe thylakoids kunye lamellae.

Thylakoids - a njengamaqhakuva tyaba ezimilise-disc of inwebu, nto leyo yiklorofili. Oku kulapho photosynthesis lwenzeka. Eya watshisa izitha, thylakoids benza grana. thylakoids Inani brink ziyahluka ukusuka-3 ukuya ku-50.

Lamellae - isakhiwo okanye ngenwebu. Bamele womnatha umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko amajelo branched - ukubonelela unxulumano phakathi ubuso.

Xa chloroplasts ziqulathe ribosomes zabo eziyimfuneko protein yokuqaphela, kunye DNA zayo kwaye RNA. Ukongeza, kusenokubakho inclusions, equka izondlo replacement, ikakhulu istatshi.

internal yeselula

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi kule nkqubo. Ngaba anaerobic kunye aerobic nokuphefumla zeselula. Uphawu lokuqala iintsholongwane. Anaerobic nokuphefumla ke iintlobo: a nitrate, sulphate, isalfure, intsimbi, carbonate, fumarate. Ezi nkqubo sivumele iintsholongwane ndifumane amandla ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ioksijini.

internal aerobic cellular nto luphawu lokuba zonke ezinye izinto, kuquka izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. It iza inxaxheba oksijini.

Abameli zezilo internal yeselula ihlasela organelles ezikhethekileyo. Ewe kuthiwa mitochondria. Xa izityalo njengoko internal yeselula lwenzeka kwi mitochondria.

izigaba

internal yeselula ithatha indawo amanyathelo amathathu:

1. Isigaba wokulungiselela.
2. Glycolysis (inkqubo anaerobic, akunyanzelekanga ukuba oksijini).
3. Igcwala (isigaba aerobic).

Isigaba wokulungiselela

Inyathelo lokuqala kukuba izinto ezintsokothileyo ometyiso baphuke zibe lula phantsi. Ngenxa yoko, iiprotheni zivela acid evela lipids - asidi okunamafutha kunye glycerol, ukususela carbohydrate complex - iswekile. Ezi khompawundi abathuthwayo ukuya yeseli, uze emva koko - ngqo kwi-mitochondria.

glycolysis

Ihlala yokuba glucose na enzymatically lwanamathela pyruvate kunye hydrogen atom. Oku kwenza ATP (adenosine triphosphate). le equation lungabonakaliswa kule nkqubo:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ Owu ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo glycolysis enye glucose umzimba molecule Akanakwamkela molekyuli ezimbini ATP.

igcwala

Kweli nqanaba, lasekwa ngo glycolysis pyruvic acid Lize enzymatically mpilo ukwenza icarbon dioxide kunye hydrogen atom. Ezi athom ke ithuthelwe crista apho oxidized ukwenza amanzi 36 iimolekyuli ATP.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo internal yeselula evela zizonke 38 molekyuli ATP 2 sesibini isigaba 36 - ngomhla wesithathu. triphosphate Adenosine kwaye umthombo wamandla engundoqo, nto leyo unikwe mitochondria esiseleni.

Ubume mitochondria

Organelles apho yokuphefumla kuthatha indawo, apho izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye neeseli ezinzwaneni. Ukuba abe imilo ungqukuva kunye nobungakanani malunga 1 micron.

Mitochondria njengoko chloroplasts kufuneka imifinya ezimbini ezahlulwe sisithuba isithuba intermembrane. Yintoni ngaphakathi inwebu le organelle, ngokuba matrix. Iqulethe ribosomes, DNA ayo (mtDNA) kunye mtRNK. I matrix iya glycolysis kwaye inyathelo igcwala lokuqala.

Of i inwebu yangaphakathi emphethweni kwakheka, ezifana ikhephu. Zibizwa ngokuba cristae. Nantsi ke lesibini ibakala kwisigaba sesithathu nokuphefumla yeselula. Phakathi molecule ayo ukusekwa ATP.

organelles Origin dvuhmembrannyh

Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba izakhiwo ezibonelela yefotosinthesis nokuphefumla zaye sivalelwe yi symbiogenesis. Oko kukuthi, xa oko eziphilayo ezithile. Oku kucacisa into yokuba i-mitochondria, kunye chloroplasts kufuneka ribosomes zazo, DNA kunye RNA.