Ammonia. Iipropati imichiza, iipropati emzimbeni. Ukusebenzisa uba

imizila sika kufuphi Oasis North Afrika Amon - ngokwembali eyaziwayo ammonia ekhaya. Ababingeleli banqula uthixo Amon, ngexesha amasiko abo kusetyenziswa hydrogen ephuculweyo xa itshiswe exuded ammonia ivumba. Babebizwa amoniany ngokucacileyo igama ammonia weza evela ngaloo maxesha.

izazinzulu Modern Andifundanga ukufumana kuphela ammonia enyulu, ukuze kumfumana ezininzi izicelo, kodwa iyakwazi ukulinganisa izithuba ezo molekyuli iziyobisi kuyilo ekhemisi izangqa oqeqeshiweyo ubizwa ngokuba "hydrogen ephuculweyo." Okuqaphelekayo kukuba ammonia molecule uqwalaselo ukuba iphiramidi rhoqo, njengabo abakubonileyo kuyondelelaniswe wokuqala weli eYiputa yamandulo.

Nitrogen imi enekona phantsi ingqalelo yephiramidi yenza kunye athom hydrogen ye bond polar. I-atom nitrogen kwi ezimbaxa une isibini unshared of elektroni, lo ngowona mongo osisiseko ukuba ukubonakala ukukwazi ammonia ukwenza iibhondi hydrogen donor-acceptor kunye, ngexesha egcinwe gumbi kunye elikhulu wokwephuka ammonia yomoya intsimbi ubangela intsebenziswano olomeleleyo phakathi kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, ammonia luphawu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka iimpawu kunye neempawu iikhompawundi yale hlobo.

Njengoko ivumba ammonia yamanqaku nganye, elidityaniswe nokufika ammonia, nto leyo irhasi enemibala emihle, elula komoya kabini. Ngokuba umntu ukuba ityhefu, uye ukunyibilika phezulu.

Ammonia na iimpawu eekhemikhali ibonisa babo ngenxa kakhulu kwisibini electron unshared. Oku uyakwazi ukuthatha ngaphezu Proton, ngaloo ndlela ukuzazi ammonium ion. I zolwelo nesisombululo ammonia (eyaziwa ngokuba ammonia engamanzi) unalo yokusabela awana. Ukufumana neetyuwa ukusabela nee-asidi kukhuthaza ammonia. Iimpawu imichiza yale compound kukho nucleophiles ezifanayo okanye complexing.

Kwelinye icala ebonisa iimpawu ammonia kunye asidi ekwaziyo zakudibana zesinyithi, ukwakha amides. Amides zivela iintsimbi kwealkali phezu sesichengeni ammonia. Imides, nitrides kunye neetyuwa zesinyithi eziliqela zingafumaneka ngokuqhuba ukusabela ammonia engamanzi. Nitrides elungiswe ngokufudumeza intsimbi kwindawo umoya nitrogen.

Xa amides metal hydroxides iipropati libonakalalisiwe. A izisombululo efanayo amide-ammonia kwealkali of neetyuwa ezi abaqhubi kakuhle kombane.

Ammonia Iipropati chemical xa kunxityelelwana imiboniso ਫ਼ੂਜਿੰਗ inkqubo, abeBala kunye nombala obomvu, kongezwe iziphumo asidi neutralization yayo. amalahle ammonia ivumela ukuba kuvela njenge reductant. Oku uyakwazi, ukuba aqhumisele oksijini, isiphumo siya kuba amanzi ne-nitrogen. Xa igcwala of ammonia ukuze ufumane yempela platinum nitric oxide, imveliso ukuze kuyondelelaniswe woshishino nitric acid.

Ukunciphisa amandla nitrogen esetyenziselwa zokucoca imiphezulu metal evela oxides ngexesha ngelotha. Xa igcwala of ammonia ne sodium hayiphoklorayithi (ubukho elisisinyanzelo gelatin) hydrazine walungisa. Reaction kunye halogens (chlorine, iodine) kuvelisa iziqhushumbisi.

Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu na kuyondelelaniswe woshishino ammonia. Ukusabela ukulungiselela yayo na uhlobo yentsebenziswano-nitrogen kunye hydrogen. Ibizwa ngokuba inkqubo Haber. Ngenxa yoko le exotherm reaction kwenzeka kunye umthamo nciphisa. imimiselo efanelekileyo Yindibanisela ammonia na kubushushu obuphantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu.

Thatha ingqalelo zobumnini imichiza isivuno ammonia kwezinye izinto asebenze ehlanganisa kule nkqubo. ukusebenzisa kwabo kunokwenzeka ukuba ukukhawulezisa impumelelo kuvuselele.