Lwexa Soil - maleko zomhlaba nazo kwinkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba

isakhiwo Umhlaba ifundwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukukhethwa nokusetyenziswa leyo emiselwe iimfuno ezithile zeengcali. Ngelo xesha kukho iindlela jikelele iimpawu ntetho lamanqanaba zomhlaba, apho izazinzulu nga wayeqhelene ngokucacileyo iimpawu kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo inshorensi komhlaba le okanye elo ndawo. Umzekelo, kukho atom, aggregate kunye crystal kunye nezakhiwo nomelo kwinqanaba molekyuli eyenza kube lula ukufunda umhlaba abanezimo iinkcukacha. Le ntetho Umaleko yesine ukhandwa lwexa zomhlaba. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ukuze kuboniswe umhlaba iprofayile yecandelo ethe yasekwa ngu maleko eziliqela zejoloji kangangexesha elithile.

lwexa ehamba

Olu luhlobo lo maleko isiseko kunye nomhlaba ingxaki leyo izenzo iliwa umzali ngokwembono ukuyilwa lamanqanaba alandelayo malunga komhlaba. Ingaphandle Ezo owahlukeneyo kwaye abe neempawu ezahlukeneyo. Iingcali ukuchonga isanti, udongwe, inkunkuma, kwakunye ngomaleko zidibene, iphawulwa imvelaphi ethile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba zexa koomama ngaphandle kwesizathu kuthiwa esisiseko. Bona kumphantsi kakhulu, kodwa kuba nefuthe elibi kwi umphantsi nomphezulu. Oku kubonakala ukukwazi ukwenza iimpawu zeekhemikhali, mineralogical kunye mechanical, kunye iimpawu ezibonakalayo lamanqanaba echumayo. Ngako oko, inkunkuma iya kuba umgangatho nomtsalane ngakumbi agronomic ngaphezu iliwa umzali, iimpawu mechanical bazimisele sandy okanye udongwe kuqamba.

iintlobo ubume bomhlaba

Ukuhlolwa iimpawu kunina kuyinto kunokwenzeka ngaphandle nokumisela isakhiwo yayo. Xa esakhiweni kuthetha uthotho iiyunithi ngamnye okanye amasuntswana ekwaziyo disintegrating ezinemvume. Leyo yepropati ichaza isimo yokugaya udibaniso kunobukhulu lomhlaba. Enye imida ezivumela ukubhekisela kwabo imimango lomhlaba okanye ezinye izakhiwo, igwiba lib phakathi kwezakhi ngamnye lovavanyo ubume kunye microaggregates. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iindidi ezintathu zamaziko inzululwazi lomhlaba, ayifani ubukhulu yamasuntswana, kwakunye kwilungiselelo kwabo. Oku, isakhiwo prismatic cuboid kunye plitovidnaya.

Amasuntswana prismatic of iingqimba zomhlaba liqulunqe axis ikakhulu nkqo, isakhiwo cuboid kuthatha ulwabiwo efanayo Amasuntswana moya ezintathu akhiwe aa Incopho na omnye komnye. Imihlaba Plitovidnye akhiwa nemigca enqamleze kunye Ukuncitshiswa ecacileyo kwicala nkqo. Ukuba ubunzima akuthethi iba ibe amasuntswana ngamnye, yaye ekuqaleni ebonakala ngu wombuso free ezantsi emathunjini, ibizwa ngokuba razdelnochastichnoy yobume. Eli qela libandakanya uthuli nesanti. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba onamatye ukuze uthunyelwe efan omkhulu. izakhiwo ezinjalo luphawulwa ubukho engenamaqhuma ezinkulu shapeless.

Ixabiso distribution ubungakanani yamasuntswana

Ukuba isakhiwo mechanical lichaza ukwabiwa izinto ngamnye ubunzima emhlabeni, uhlalutyo ubungakanani yamasuntswana uyakwazi ukubona iipropati agronomic ngokuthi ukuqikelela yamasuntswana ngqo. Umzekelo, iingcali anike iimpawu morphological lenkangeleko umhlaba uvala iinkalo nokwakheka. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba iyintlango ikakhulu oyisanti, kwaye mngeni kubaphandi kukuba ukuchaza ngokufanayo umxholo kunye ubukho bezinto omnye okanye enye ingxenye. indlela yomlinganiselo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka usebenzisa izixhobo sezikali ezisetyenziswa zePCR ezinjalo.

Ixabiso lombala Soil

Umbala mass lomhlaba yenye yezona zinto ziphambili morphological, nto leyo ukumisela iprofayile esifaneleyo yemfuza. Ukongeza, kwimeko umhlaba isalathiso kweengqimba ziya kunceda izifundo ezifana ukufaka kunye nomda lawo. Noko ke, umbala kunye nokusebenza umbala iingqiqo azikho esilingana kule meko. Phantsi umbala ithetha ngokubanzi eluphawu ukungafani kunye patchiness. Kwelinye icala, umbala ubunzima umhlaba ibonisa indibanisela imibala, ubunzulu kunye nezinye umgangatho chromaticity. Hi ndlela leyi, iintlobo ezininzi zomhlaba ifumana igama layo kanye iimpawu umbala - oku kunganxulunyaniswa umhlaba hina, ngumhlaba obomvu kunye nomhlaba emnyama.

Umbala ukuma inokuba owahlukeneyo kwaye eyohlobo olulodwa. Kwimeko yokuqala, ubunzima imibala ngemibala eyahlukileyo, apho umahluko ukuba aba lolu iimpawu chromatic kuphela. Umbala kubangela kunye neempawu zomzimba, uyakhululwa kunye touch. A umbala uniform kukuthi, ngokuba umhlaba umzekelo entlango, apho oomaleko asezantsi kwenzeka ubaneka amasuntswana yayo.

lwexa wamatye

Le iqela elikhulu imihlaba, leyo akhiwa kule nkqubo biodegradation. layers esifaneleyo Yahlula zingafani ukuphakama, umgangatho emzimbeni, ukwakheka, izinto zendalo, njl D. Le umthunzi udla kuluhlu ukusuka amdaka abamnyama. indawo imifuziselo kolundi wamatye ke emathafeni kunye nehlathi emathafeni. Eneneni, ihlathi koomama bha qonga kakhulu igalelo nokusekwa umphantsi nomphezulu yale hlobo. Ngokukodwa, bazipheka ezikhethekileyo kunina, serogumusovy kunye svetlogumusovy. layers ezingcwalisiweyo bazipheka ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwimimandla eyetundra hlathi. wamatye eyandisiweyo ukuma kunye wamatye. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kumhlaba omanzi ezantsi. Bright ngomhlaba ubunzima olu hlobo kwakuxhaphakile nakwimihlaba kwamazwe eziyimiqwebedu kunye neendawo ezingenemvula, nto leyo ilawulwa efudumeleyo imozulu ngokoma.

ngomhlaba organic

Olu didi lubandakanya imimango umhlaba apho umxholo organic amacandelo yi-30% okanye ngaphezulu. Amaninzi ke umphantsi nomphezulu lenkangeleko. Umzekelo, umaleko ubuso yinto kolundi umgquba, okuphakama yi-10 cm. Oku ukhandwa ukucazulula iintsalela uhlaza, felts emathafeni herbaceous kunye t. D. wamatye umaleko nayo zifakwe kweli qela. Enkosi kuye, kwakheka umhlaba omnyama, leyo Unganawo umbala emnyama omdaka namnyama. Iziseko ezinjalo ngokuqhelekileyo kulala phantsi kweemaleko inkunkuma-nja-. Zikhona nezinye zenyathi kolundi, ogama ubume kunye nezimbiwa izinto zinokuqukwa. Kodwa iimpawu eziphambili zokudibanisa morphological imihlaba ifakiwe kule set isekelwe phezu imvelaphi izinto eziphilayo. Oko kukuthi, kule ukuyilwa lomhlaba mzekelo kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo biodegradation.

lwexa zomhlaba namaMedi,

Olona phawu olwahlula olu hlobo lwexa elizayo na utyekelo komhlaba kwiinkqubo ngqo ngaphakathi isakhiwo ngaphandle impembelelo lwangaphandle kwi ubunzima. A ummeli eqhelekileyo kule hlobo alfegumusovy eligquba. Lubonakala bubukho inclusions humic-ayoni phezu umboniso okanye lokubolekwa ze amasuntswana kwezimbiwa. Njengoko for umbala, kule meko, akukho intsebenzo olungqongqo - kakhulu kuxhomekeke ekwakhiweni ethile, nto leyo enokwenza umhlaba kwaye kumnyama, kunye abangasekhoyo ukukhanya elityheli. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lwexa zomhlaba uhlobo median ezifumaneka osisivunda okanye kumhlaba oyintlabathi. Umzekelo omhle kwandiswa kuya kuba textured kunye kolundi. Oku omdaka ubunzima, apho isakhiwo kwakhona mnogoporyadkovoy nentabalala multilayer iifilimu. Nangona kunjalo, lo undi ingafunyanwa phantsi ngakumbi ubukho bezinto Imihlaba zodongwe.

esifaneleyo eluvial

Iprofayile inshorensi, overlain yi kweengqimba organogenic okanye wamatye, nguye lo undi kakhulu ezikhanyayo. Lubonakala yi ulwabiwo ubungakanani yamasuntswana ezilula kunye neyantlukwano sezulu abakhoyo iipropati emzimbeni. Ezi ngomhlaba kungabandakanya podzolized, wamatye-eluvial kunye subelyuvialny zikhabane. Umzekelo, ubunzima oyisanti podzolic ezahlukeneyo sandy obambe yamasuntswana ubungakanani isiseko, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, non-yem base mixture. Ngokuba lo kolundi luphawulwa indawo ngesakhiwo kufumile alfegumusovyh nenkangeleko. Hi ndlela leyi, ngokutsho ezinye iimpawu zolwakhiwo ezifanayo nezo zoleko kunina illuvial, nangona ukukhonya brown zonke unobangela kwaye wavakalisa umahluko bangaphandle.

esifaneleyo olimekayo

Imihlaba ziqukiwe imimango olimekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela kumphezulu. Noko ke, asingabo bonke umaleko umphezulu kubhekisela kwimihlaba echumayo. Umgangatho ekhethekileyo yale kunina kuyinto nje iseti imimiselo efanelekileyo ukulinywa kwezityalo. Yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu agronomic wangaphezulu ukuvumela inkqubo impande ubunzima zomhlaba nelokukha izinto ezifunekayo. iimeko zendalo kokudala lo mhlaba abamnyama, kodwa iimpawu ezinqwenelwayo wande ezizodwa iindlela. Umzekelo, usebenzisa ubugcisa kulinywa solundi olimekayo, ukuchumisa ngeendleko uRhulumente yamaziko sasilungiswa andaweni.

rocks umzali

Lo maleko befunda umzali, leyo laba isisekelo ukuze kwakhiwe umhlaba omtsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwabiwa ubungakanani yamasuntswana ebekwe rocks ezinjalo amacandelo izimbiwa - 80%. Le ngaphandle kukuba ngaphandle kokuba umgquba kunina, ogama ukugcwaliswa umthamo wezimbiwa kuba phakathi-10%. Kuyabonakala ukuba ezi zoleko kusenokuba iqonga kakhulu sokuphuhlisa umhlaba ochumileyo olimekayo kunye kwiipropati eziphakamileyo agronomic, kodwa azisoloko endawni. Lo isenokuba elulwalwa emhlabeni nasematyeni, noseko leyo ukhandwa igneous, ngentlenga, kunye namatye aguquka nasemaweni. Kodwa ke, nangona komsebenzi ngokuhlupheka ngokwemiqathango wenzala, umaleko ezinjalo isiseko esihle ukuphuhlisa nomtsalane ngakumbi kwezolimo ifaka.

isiphelo

Agro-technical lweshishini kunye namahlathi abathengi eziphambili kunye nabasebenzisi izinto, leyo eyenzelwe iimephu kunye namacandelo umhlaba kunye ebonisa ubume kolundi lomhlaba. data ezinjalo kufuneka sokuqondwa epheleleyo ngakumbi umfanekiso kunye neempawu kwezibonelelo zendalo kunye neengcamango malunga nekamva iinkqubo zalo zophuhliso yangoku. Ngokukodwa, lwexa zomhlaba ukuvumela ukuqikelela ukuba yintoni enye kwezobulungisa e yokwakheka komhlaba. Kuba isifundo kwezi zexa lisetyenziswa spectrum ezibanzi iindlela inkxaso iindlela zobugcisa zale mihla. Ukongeza, babe nomdla kwizifundo enjalo aphela rhoqo iinkampani ngokwabo benze imisebenzi ejolise ukutshintsha isakhiwo neempawu lwexa elizayo ezithile.