Yintoni umsebenzi ovela? Ubunzima Isigxina ovela

Electron - ilungu ebalulekileyo, omnye kwabo iiyunithi noshowo mba. Ngokutsho yokuhlela kukho ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ uyilo (isuntswana kunye nesiqingatha engundoqo spin, ogama emva yamachiza uEnrico Fermi) kunye leptons (amasuntswana kunye nesiqingatha-elipheleleyo spin, musa inxaxheba intsebenziswano eyomeleleyo, omnye ezine ezinkulu physics). Baryon inani electron ngu zero, kwakunye nezinye leptons.

Kude kube kutshanje kwakukholelwa ukuba electron - sabaqalayo, oko kukuthi ayahlukahlukenanga, ayinazo enjengesakhiwo yamasuntswana, kodwa oososayensi nombono ohlukile namhlanje. Yintoni na le electron kwi ntetho ye physics mihla?

History of igama

Nditsho zemvelo yamandulo Greece waphawula ukuba evuthiweyo, pre-bawuqhole kunye uboya, Itsala izinto ezincinane, okt ebonisa izinto kagesi. Igama electron evela ἤλεκτρον kwisiGrike, elithetha "yegolide evuthiweyo". Igama elithi wacebisa eGeorge. Stoney ngo-1894, nangona kwisuntswana yafunyanwa ngama J .. Thompson ngo-1897. Kwakunzima ukufumana unobangela wale ubunzima encinane kunye nesigxina electron waba ukufumana amava isigqibo. Imifanekiso yokuqala amasuntswana kwakukho uCharles Wilson kunye ikhamera eyodwa, apho usetyenziswa imifuniselo mihla kwaye ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe.

An into umdla kukuba omnye imiqathango ukuvulwa ovela ilizwi yakwaBhenjamin Franklin. Ngowe-1749 waba hypothesis ukuba umbane - into eziphathekayo. Kungenxa ngemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kusetyenziswa amagama afana izityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, ukubhobhoza capacitor, ibhetri kunye amasuntswana zombane. Intlawulo ngqo electron ithathwa ngokuba mibi, kwaye Proton - HIV.

Ukufunyanwa kwe electron

Ngowe-1846, ingqiqo i "atom kombane" lalisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yakhe, yamachiza waseJamani UWilhelm Weber. Maykl Faradey wafumanisa igama elithi "ion", ngoku, mhlawumbi, yazi yonke cwaka esikolweni. Umbuzo semvelo umbane ababandakanyekayo Abaphengululi abaninzi abemi ezifana yamachiza German kunye kwezezibalo Julius Plucker, Zhan Perren, yamachiza IsiNgesi Uilyam Kruks, Ernest Rutherford nabanye.

Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba Dzhozef Tompson abagqibe ngempumelelo eksperimenti yakhe edumileyo kwaye likugqinile ubukho yamasuntswana incinane i-atom; kumsebenzi entsimini izazinzulu ezininzi kwaye ukufunyanwa bekuya kuba nzima, azenzanga lo msebenzi eyenziwe ngabantu.

Ngowe-1906, Dzhozef Tompson wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel. Amava ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngokusebenzisa iipleyiti zesinyithi engumzekelo asendle umbane, udlule imiqadi ray cathode. Ngoko ke benze ngendlela efanayo, kodwa inkqubo coil ukwenza intsimi ngemagnethi. Thompson bafumanisa ukuba xa intsimi yombane baphambukile imiqadi, kunye Lelona yabonakala inyathelo magnetic, ke neyophahla cathode ray indlela ayikatshintshi ukuba benze zombini ezi nkalo etyhutyha ethile, leyo ixhomekeke Velocity yamasuntswana.

Emva izibalo Thompson wafumanisa ukuba uqina kwezi amasuntswana usezantsi kakhulu ngaphezu kwesantya wokukhanya, kwaye oku kwakuthetha ukuba ubunzima. Ukusuka kule ndawo ye physics baye bakholelwa ukuba yamasuntswana evulekileyo mba zibandakanyiwe athom ukuba kamva kuqinisekiswa Rutherford. Walibiza "imodeli langa ye atom."

Zango zehlabathi quantum

Amaphepha emibuzo yintoni eyenza i electron nzima ngokwaneleyo, ubuncinane kweli nqanaba lophuhliso ngenzululwazi. Ngaphambi kokuba siyihlole, kufuneka uqhagamshelane nomnye zango physics quantum ukuba nkqu izazinzulu abakwazi ukuchaza. Le edumileyo noqhoqhoqho-ezimbini zovavanyo, echaza uhlobo exananazileyo electron.

umongo wayo kukuba phambi kokuba "gun", ukudubula amasuntswana, wabeka ifreyimu lokuvula nkqo buxande. Emva kwakhe uludonga yena, apho aya kuba waphawula imikhondo hits. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kuqala siqonde indlela nto aziphatha ngayo. Indlela elula ukubona ukuqalisa indlela iibhola kumatshini intenetya. Inxalenye amaso kuwela emngxunyeni, kunye nentwana le iziphumo udonga zafakwa kwi band enye nkqo. Ukuba umgama elithile ukongeza omnye imizila umngxuma efanayo ziya kuba, ngokulandelelana, ndimfuduka mbini.

Amaza kwakhona ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwimeko enjalo. Ukuba udonga iya kubonisa ikhethe kungquzulwano kunye nencum, kwimeko omnye lokuvula band uya kuba nalo elinye. Noko ke, izinto zatshintsha xa kwimeko slits ezimbini. Wave edlula emingxunyeni, yahlulwe kubini. Ukuba phezulu lwamaza enye igcwalisa emazantsi komnye, bathi ukurhoxisa omnye, nomfanekiso uphazamiseko (imivumbo emininzi nkqo) ziya kuvela phezu kodonga. Beka ekudibaneni kwe amaza kukushiya amanqaku, kunye neendawo apho kwakukho ucimayo efanayo, akukho.

into emangalisayo

Ngoncedo olu lingelo ngasentla, izazinzulu nga ngokucacileyo ukubonisa kwihlabathi umahluko phakathi kwenani kunye physics yamandulo. Xa eqala ukudubula elektroni eludongeni, ngokuqhelekileyo lwenzeka kwi uphawu nkqo kuso; ngathi amanye amasuntswana nje ibhola yentenetya yeyela umsantsa, yaye ezinye musa. Kodwa ukuba bonke kwatshintsha, xa kwakukho umngxuma yesibini. Kwi udonga kutyhilwa indlela uphazamiseko! Okokuqala Physics wagqiba ukuba elektroni iphazamise nabanye yaye yagqiba ukuba nganye nganye. Noko ke, emva kokuba isibini iiyure (isantya elektroni achukumisayo aphantsi kakhulu kwisantya ukukhanya) baqalisa kwakhona ukubonisa iphethini uphazamiseko.

ijika engalindelekanga

Electronic, kunye nezinye amasuntswana ezithile ezifana ziluhlaza, liveza mbini ngumtshangatshangiso-yamasuntswana (kwakhona isebenzisa igama elithi "umyinge-wave ezimbini"). Njengabo cat Schrödinger ukuba zombini uyaphila kwabafileyo, urhulumente electron kunokuba zombini corpuscular kunye amaza.

Noko ke, inyathelo elilandelayo kolu siye eyenziwe iimfihlelo nangakumbi: a yamasuntswana ebalulekileyo, okwakubonakala ukwazi yonke into, yayinawo isimanga engakholelekiyo. Zesayensi isigqibo ukufaka emingxunyeni yeNgcingane isixhobo ukutshixa, ngalo uqhoqhoqho kwisuntswana na, yaye azibonakali bona ngokwabo nje amaza. Kodwa kamsinya nje oko kwabalelwa indlela esweni phezu kodonga akukho kwakukho izimpi ezimbini kuphela ehambelana nasemingxunyeni ezimbini, kunye nendlela uphazamiseko! Kwathi kamsinya nje "shadowing" ukucocwa, yamasuntswana kwakhona waqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu yomtshangatshangiso ngokungathi wayesazi ukuba sele akukho namnye ujongile.

enye ingcamango

Yemvelo Wazalwa wacebisa ukuba kwisuntswana angabuyi ibe ngumtshangatshangiso ngokoqobo. Elektron "iqulethe" nokulatyuza lilonke, ukuba wenza ipateni uphazamiseko. Ezi amasuntswana babe impahla superposition, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kuba naphi na kwi amathuba elithile, ngoko ukuze sikhatshwe onjalo "alitshangatshangise".

Nakuba kunjalo, isiphumo izicacele: ubukho nje-mkhanyo kuchaphazela isiphumo nokuhlola. Kubonakala amangalisayo, kodwa mzekelo kuphela ngohlobo lwayo. imifuniselo Physics lwenziwa kwi inxalenye enkulu kamama, kwakuba into yabantu abangakwaziyo yaba ngefoyile ye-aluminiyam thinnest. Izazinzulu ziye zaphawula ukuba into nje ezinye imilinganiselo luchaphazele amaqondo obushushu, le nto. Uhlobo la bachaza akukabikho esebenzayo.

isakhiwo

Kodwa yintoni eyenza electron? Kweli nqanaba, inzululwazi yanamhlanje ayikwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Kude kube kutshanje kubhekwe amasuntswana ayahlukahlukenanga esisiseko, kodwa ngoku iingcali zenzululwazi oyikholelwayo ukuba le nto ndiyibhalayo izakhiwo kakhulu.

Intlawulo ngqo electron kwakhona njengento esisiseko, kodwa ngoku quarks ezivulekileyo kunye kwentlawulo iqhezu. Kukho imibono ezininzi yintoni eyenza ovela.

Namhlanje siyakwazi ukubona inqaku, ocacisa ukuba izazinzulu bakwazi ukwahlula electron. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuphela iqiniso.

imifuniselo ezintsha

izazinzulu Soviet kudala yee- kwinkulungwane yokugqibela baye bacinga ukuba electron zingahlukaniswa quasiparticles ezintathu. Ngowe-1996 wakwazi alabe libe spinon neHolon, kwaye kutshanje yamachiza Van den Brink kunye neqela lakhe yahlulwe yamasuntswana spinon kunye orbiton leyo. Noko ke, ukuqhekeka kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa. Le lokulinga enokwenziwa phantsi kweemeko amaqondo aphansi kakhulu.

Xa elektroni ezi 'opholileyo "ukuze zero ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo malunga -275 degrees Celsius, zaphantse yima kunye nefomu phakathi kwabo uhlobo mba, ukuba ukuhlanganisa ibe yamasuntswana enye. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, yaye yemvelo nga bagcine quasiparticles, apho "i" ovela.

ulwazi zenethiwekhi

Electron radius oluncinane kakhulu, nto ilingana ^2,81794. 10 ^-13 cm, kodwa ujika ukuba amacandelo alo ubukhulu elincinci kakhulu. Ngalinye iinxalenye ezintathu nelawula ukuba "uqhekeko" electron, ethwele ulwazi malunga nayo. Orbiton, njengokuba igama lixela, iqulethe data kwi yomtshangatshangiso yamasuntswana Orbital. Spinon noxanduva spin electron, neHolon isixelela isigxina. Ngenxa yoko, nokwakheka nga ngokwahlukileyo bagcine ithi ezahlukeneyo elektroni ezibonakalayo iphela ngamandla. Bakwazi ukulandela iperi "neHolon-spinon" yaye "spinon-orbiton", kodwa hayi zonke zontathu kunye.

zobuchwepheshe ezintsha

Yemvelo eyafumana electron kwafuneka alinde iminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba de ifunyanwe iye isetyenziswe practice. Kule mihla technologies ukufumana ukusetyenziswa kwiminyaka eliqela, kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula graphene - izinto ezimangalisayo eziquka athom carbon umaleko ube mnye. Ukuqhekeka electron kuya kuba luncedo? Izazinzulu baqikelela ukuba indalo le a quantum computer, isantya, ngokomthetho kubo, emashumini ezimbalwa izihlandlo ezinkulu kunolo iikhompyutha namhlanje zinamandla.

Yintoni imfihlelo iteknoloji computer quantum? Oku kubizwa ngokuba noun elula. Kwi computer eqhelekileyo, inxalenye ubuncinane ayahlukahlukenanga inkcazelo - a bit. Ukuba sicinga data into ezibonwayo, into kuba imoto iinketho ezimbini kuphela. Bit inokuba liqulathe nokuba zero okanye enye, ukuba yinxalenye code yokubini.

indlela entsha

Ngoku makhe cinga ukuba kancinci oluqulethwe kwaye zero, kwaye unit - i "bit quantum" okanye "Cube". Indima variables ezilula iya kudlala spin electron (oko jikeleza mhlawumbi ngku okanye ebalwa). Ngokungafaniyo elula bit Cube linokuyenza imisebenzi eziliqela ngaxeshanye, yaye ngenxa yokuba oku kwanda kuya kwenzeka isantya, libya electron ubunzima kunye nesigxina awabalulekanga apha.

Oku kunokucaciswa mzekelo ekulo. Ukuze uphume kuyo, kufuneka uzame ezininzi iinketho ezahlukeneyo apho omnye kuphela uya kuba echanekileyo. ikhompyutha Traditional nokuba usombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngaxesha lithile akwazi ukusebenza kuphela ingxaki enye. Yena kubalwa zonke iinketho kwi phecana enye, yaye ekugqibeleni wafumana indlela yokuphuma. Computer quantum, kubulelwe kyubita mbini bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Uya kwakhona zonke iinketho azikho kumgca, yaye ngephanyazo esinye ngexesha, kwaye kananjalo ukusombulula le ngxaki. Le unzima kuphela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukuba ukufumana umsebenzi omninzi kwi into quantum - oku kuya kuba sisiseko isizukulwana esitsha computer.

isicelo

Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa ikhompyutha kwinqanaba indlu. Ekubeni lo msebenzi encomekayo kunye iiPC eqhelekileyo, kodwa ukuqikelela amawaka iziganeko ezithile, mhlawumbi amakhulu amawaka ezahlukeneyo, umatshini kufuneka nje enkulu. ikhompyutha zobungakanani ngokulula ukumelana nezinto ezifana yemozulu ukuqikelela ukuba inyanga, ukuphathwa yentlekele kunye nedatha yayo ukuqikelela, yaye kwakhona iza ezingaziwayo ezintsonkothileyo yezibalo kunye variables ezininzi nakwiqhezu yesibini, bonke iprosesa ye atom ezimbalwa. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu iikhompyutha zethu zinamandla paper-ezibhityileyo.

ukuhlala uphilile

ikhompyutha Quantum kuza kwenza igalelo elikhulu amayeza. Abantu baya kuba nako ukwenza nanomachinery enamandla nkqi, ngoncedo lwabo, kuya kuba lula nje kuphela ukufumanisa isifo ngokujonga nje umzimba wonke ngaphakathi, kodwa ukuba ukunika unyango ngaphandle utyando: iirobhothi ezincinane with "ingqondo" ngaphandle kokuba ikhompyutha unako ukwenza yonke imisebenzi.

revolution nelingenakutsitywa entsimini imidlalo yekhompyutha. oomatshini enamandla ngayo kweso ukusombulula ingxaki, uya kuba nako ukudlala imidlalo kunye nemizobo ngeyona zinjalo, ayikho kude sele uyafana yekhompyutha ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo.