Lulo eliyi: ucaphulo, imifanekiso, engobomi, ezincwadi, ncomo

Umbhali wodumo ye-Polish esi- eliyi iphumelele uthando abafundi emhlabeni wonke usebenza uhlobo yenzululwazi kunye bulumko. Umbhali yaba kaNobel namabhaso amaninzi Polish ngamazwe, phakathi kwabo umvuzo karhulumente Austria ePoland, ibhaso ogama Kafka. Kwaye waba Knight Order of the White Eagle, umnini we degrees, ugqirha Wawongwa kwiiyunivesithi eziliqela. movie Enkulu "Solaris" wadalwa imveliso eponymous, eyabhalwa eliyi lulo.

biography

Wazalwa yesayensi enkulu phakathi kwisixeko Polish eLvov ngoSeptemba 1921, usapho a ohloniphekileyo abahlali ugqirha eLviv. Waphumelela yokujima ngo-1939. Kwathi ngelo xesha eLviv waba isixeko eSoviet. Lulo eliyi wayefuna ukuba bafunde isayensi zobunjineli, kodwa ukungena eyunivesithi Polytechnic akuphumelelanga. Ngoncedo kayise, ukuba walungiselela zonyango waza waqalisa ukufunda apho ngaphandle lihlombe.

Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Lions waba isixeko isiJamani, kunye namaziko emfundo wayeka umsebenzi wabo. Akuzange kube lula kunjalo, umbhali elizayo. Ngokucacileyo nomnombo yamaYuda wenza ubomi bakhe esichengeni imisebenzi ngomzuzu ngokupheleleyo. Yena ungene xian waza wafela apho, njengokuba kwaba njalo phantse yonke saseLviv nezazi. La maxwebhu, Noko ke, wakwazi ukuba kuzityeneneza, zona amalungiselelo esi- eliyi njenge umkhandi ngokuqinileyo German for metal processing. Ngowe-1944, i-Lions kwakhona yaba isixeko Polish, yaye umbhali elizayo waqhubeka izifundo zakhe esikolweni zonyango.

e Poland

Noko ke, ngo-1946, i-Lions kwakhona waba isixeko eSoviet, apho ngeempahla ngifuna Bandera imigulukudu wabulala labemi Polish kwi ingcambu - yonke imizana, nakwiidolophu ke noko amnye ebantwini kakhulu. Izibonda eziphendula nommandla wayo, siwelwe iidolophana Ukrainian.

Ngoko ke, iosif Stalin wagqiba zale mibuzo kwilizwe. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, phantse bonke Ashera kwintshona Ukraine waya ePoland, yaye phantse zonke Ukraine ePoland - eNtshona Ukraine. Lulo eliyi, kakhulu, wawa kule imfuduko inkulu yaye waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe sele Krakow University - i-Faculty of Medicine, nto leyo angazange aphathwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

ekuqaleni

Nokuba akazange athathe iimviwo zokugqibela, wafumana isatifikethi kuphela, kodwa hayi idiploma. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba wayesoyika ukwenza ushishino akathandwa yena, kodwa ungakwazi - uvela emkhosini mna, "aphazamisa" Ngokuba idiploma angathanda ukuba enze umsebenzi we ugqirha emkhosini. Wazinza 1948 emva kokuphumelela apha Ilebhu oncedisayo junior, yaye wavuya gqitha.

Waye engasekho umdla akukho msebenzi, ngaphandle kwelinye, yaye oko zobunjineli kuphinda. Ukususela ngowe-1946 waqala ukupapasha imisebenzi yakhe kwamnandi, oko kukuthi, waba ngumbhali. UStanisław lulo, photo ngoku mhlawumbi ndibone yonke, yaye abaninzi, nokuyigcina kwi edesikeni yakho kabani, kumtwana lowo ngoko nangoka wazifumana into ayifunayo.

"Umntu Mars" yaye "oosomajukujuku"

inoveli yakhe yokuqala Czlowiek z Marsa yashicilelwa Nowy Swiat Przygod - lowu ngeveki. Kubafundi igcwele ngenjongo, ukususela imisebenzi yokuqala kaStanisław esi- waba umbhali ePoland nehlelo, nangona uninzi le ncwadi ayizange ivele ngokukhawuleza kangaka.

Kwaba sele ngowe-1951, xa phantse nangoko shwaka ezishelfini nje kupapashwa Astronauci wakhe ( "oosomajukujuku"). UStanisław lulo wabhala Ngoku, izigxeko-ncomo zeencwadi ezazizele sele kumaphepha kweempepha kwihlabathi lonke, phantse andiyeki.

akukho ezinye

Abaninzi lulo waya eJamani, eCzechoslovakia. Kwaye ukuhambela eSoviet Union, kodwa akazange ungathanda yena zange ngezinga kancane, phantsi kwenkqubo enye yezopolitiko (njengoko sibonile phantse yonke). Noko ke, xa oko kuyimfuneko kakhulu ukuba, wathi yaye wabhala ukuba uyabathanda yaye uyabahlonipha ...

Ngowe-1982, xa kwakhona ivumba imfazwe e Poland, UStanisław lulo, icaphula imisebenzi sele usebenzise i abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaluphi na uhlanga, indawo yokuhlala, isini kunye nobudala, wafudukela Austria, nangona kwabonakala ngelo xesha ukuba undinonelele naliphi na ilizwe. Yena waphila asibhozo-emine iminyaka, nangona kwiimbandezelo kwisiqingatha sokuqala ebomini. Noko ke, intliziyo yaba mpilweni, nesizathu sokuba afe ngoMatshi 2006.

style

UStanisław lulo, ogama imisebenzi bathetha kakhulu malunga unxibelelwano ayiphumelelanga loluntu kunye nobomi komhlaba, wabhala lukhulu malunga nobuchwepheshe kwe elizayo. imibhalo Kamva ephawulwe idealization namabhongo zentlalo, kufutshane uhlobo nepaki, apho umntu uyadika ngenxa inkqubo ngokutsha.

Iitekisi zizele uburharha, uvuthondaba kunye bulumko. Wits of abalandeli zamabali, nto leyo eye gqitha UStanisław lulo, uthatyathwe "Star iidayari Iyona Pacific," umzekelo, lisetyenziswa jikelele iminyaka engamashumi amaninzi. Awukho ku umbhali engento bhile hayi fiction kuphela, kodwa yekamva.

udumo

iincwadi lulo zaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwama amane, wathengisa kakhulu gqitha kubo - kakuhle phezu iikopi amathathu ezigidi. Yenza apha naphaya ngaphezu amabini imisebenzi yakhe, phakathi apho kwindawo engundoqo ye Poland kunye USSR isusiwe, kodwa kunye nabo zamakishwa eCzechoslovakia, eJamani, eNgilani, i-USA yaye Azerbaijan. Eyona intle Imizobo kukuthi, Kakade ke, "Solaris" Tarkovsky wadubula, nangona UStanisław lulo, imisebenzi emihle apho zamkelwe kwaye ziqondwe waseUSSR, akwanelanga rated le wobugcisa. Ngaphezu koko, Tarkovsky ngokuba "Somcuphi" kuba ekudluliseleni ingcinga engundoqo.

Noko ke, phezu American umboniso eponymous kunye Clooney ngokubanzi grimaced nje. Kwaye ke inyaniso, kukho ingcamango esisiseko ngokubanzi njengoko akukho namnye. yesayensi American esi- nyanya ngamandla kwaye wagxeka kangangoko ukuba agxothwe kwindlu American Society of yesayensi. Hayi ukuqaphela Bradbury kunye Shackley, Clarke kunye Asimov, wathetha kakuhle kuphela Strugatsky, ingakumbi wancoma i "ecaleni yepikniki". Wada kwabonakala luthintithayo oko wabhala nto.

isichazi-magama

UStanisław lulo - umbhali, apho ikhona kwindalo ngelizwi. Inani neologisms, zidalwe kwaye zisetyenziswa abalandeli ngaphaya ngamawaka asithoba. Izinti kakhulu nethamsanqa kunye Russian kule nkalo. Abaguquleli babesebenza imisebenzi bu- kaThixo abanetalente kakhulu, kwaye kufutshane wokuguqulela ulwimi negalelo, ngoko kunandipha ngokupheleleyo umbhali uburharha.

Iinguqulelo kwiilwimi non-Slavic abantu abangathathi ntweni kakhulu, ngenkankulu ubumnandi kangangoko ngokufunda imisebenzi kaStanisław esi- uyakwazi ukufumana baseMerika okanye isiFrentshi. Mhlawumbi ngaphandle angachaza kucacile ukuba unyango - "altruizin 'ukuba kwizakhiwo -" besilnya ", kuba apho iirobhothi umntu elifanelekileyo ebizwa ngokuba' blednotikom" yaye "Bumba" yaye "blyumba" kwahluka kuqhunyiswe oluqhelekileyo. Kwaye igama elihle - "lzhivotnye" Akucaci - zokwenziwa. Akukho nehlekisayo kangako yaye "postyment" ne "sepulka".

Umlobi washo kwaye wittily kunambathisa iingcinga zabo mazwi: "Machine, yaba buthuntu, unsophisticated, akakwazi poraskinut ingqondo, wenza ukuba yayalela A smyshlonaya kuqala liyaqonda ukuba nenzuzo ngakumbi Isiphakamiso ukusombulula le ngxaki okanye uzame ukuba bangene kulo.?". "Imida yoxanduva yokuziphatha zezinyinekileyo ebanzi kakhulu ye-Code yezeeJaji." "Undoqo lobuxhego kukuba bafumane amava, nto leyo ayinakusetyenziswa."

izifundo

Kunye ngobuciko enjalo imifanekiso ulwimi ngobambana nobubanzi nobuchule eyinene iphela kunye zokwenene: Utopia kunye ekuboneni, kunye namabali ukukhanya malunga isithuba, kwaye enzima zobunjineli zentlalo, enye akhoyo kunye nehlabathi turbid kakhulu encinane elizayo ujikeleza igumbi ngokupheleleyo dope Freaky, kwaye uloyiso abantu, ukoyisa iphela ...

Kwaye saa kulo lonke meta ethile, nto enyanzela umfundi ukucinga, kunye engafuni yezizathu wacinga UStanisław lulo. ibhibliyografi lakhe likhulu kangangokuba evumela ukuba ayeke kuphela imisebenzi kakhulu lenkundla.

"Imizuzwana 137"

Yinto a tale ezaziwa elingezenzululwazi, apho ingcamango umlinganiswa ophambili - oko superpronitsatelnaya kwinethiwekhi yekhompyutha. Yekamva, nto leyo kwimisebenzi emininzi umbhali ithotyelwe, livela apha kule nkalo kusengaphambili, ukuqikelela iziganeko kodwa unaccrued. Ngesakhiwo na obufana, kodwa zincitshiswe iingxaki bulumko, ezifana ixesha kubonakaliswe ingqondo yomntu. Ixesha lobukhulu kubonakala kakhulu kunzima ukuyiqonda.

'Ubuze Absolute "

Lo mjikelo ibhalwe ngumntu wokuqala, apho umbhali isebenza umhlalutyi soncwadi ngubani undigxeka imisebenzi ongabhalwanga. A lot of bulumko, uburharha, uvuthondaba odelelayo nxamnye nkqu izimvo zabo malunga ihlabathi apho ohlala boncwadi. Le yincwadi malunga namaphupha zanto ngexesha izimvo enkulu ibe benesithukuthezi ngokupheleleyo, kuba apho kukho kusekho kungaqatshelwanga.

"Altruizin"

Nokuba phakathi robhothi esifumaneka hermits, ukuba libali kumnandi. Umntu Dobrica, robhothi Ilolo entlango okucinga iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu anesixhenxe, waza wagqiba ukwenza abamelwane yonwabe. Emva koko mqambi lakhe iqabane Klapautsy ndithi libali umdla enesertsev yobomi, abo efanayo eziye zafikelela khuluma (isigaba ephezulu kuphuhliso). Nabo, kakhulu, ukuba wakha wanqwenela ukuba konwaba kwihlabathi liphela - ubutyebi, kuhluthe, agqithisile okulungileyo. Kwaye oko kuyo? Happiness wonke umntu uyaqonda ngendlela yakhe ...

"Buyela kwi Iinkwenkwezi"

Le noveli ke ngenkankulu unezixhobo linyulu uhlobo, nto leyo edla luphawulwa ngumbhali. Oku akuthethi eyinyani, ngokubanzi, kakhulu koko: kufikwa kwimiba kwabantu, eziphilayo, ulwalamano womntu kunye nendalo. Emanyathelweni HG Wells ( "I-Ixesha Machine") UStanisław esi- ukunyusa umba lohlengahlengiso yabantu okusingqongileyo apho uTshawe ukufumanisa ukuba kumawaka kwiminyaka engama bebekwe ukusuka kulowo apho wazalelwa. Kukwakho langoku, isigqebelo, kwaye kakhulu isimo sengqondo, yaye fantasy leyinene, kunye impoxo, kunye phantasmagoria. Akukho nangeziphekepheke, kodwa ke nsimbi kunye Ukungaqiniseki psychology kwabantu.

"Imfundo Tsifrushi"

Klapautsiyu wayengekho de Trurlya, Umphathi yedyunivesithi - indawo lenkathazo, kunye Trurl kumashini mbandezelo iyilwe, ekuthiwa Tsifrushey waza ulinywa. ngcembe ediniwe ihambile, Trurl ukwenza ushishino andisacingi yedwa. Kunjalo, ngoko kwenzeka ukuba ngoxa imfundo kwakukho umsantsa, ukususela ezintathu zimpahla ezilandelelanayo yawa Trurlya igadi apho kwathabatha yeeklasi Tsifrushey, ezibe umsila enomkhenkce enomsila, zathi tshe ukugqitha. Ezi ayevela iindwendwe ezingalindelekanga: robot obetha, igubu kunye Android, leyo ska ngesandla nge iglasi ityhefu. Trurl ne Tsifrushey nangoko zinyibilikisiwe waza waphila iindwendwe zabo, baze emva koko wamphulaphula amabali umdla ...