Hydrocarbon - a ... hydrocarbon ifumile. iiklasi hydrocarbon

Eli qela kwezinto ziquka ioli methane, igesi yendalo. ezahlukeneyo wabo omkhulu. Kakade ke, malunga hydrocarbon. Kuyinto zombini omnye eziqheleke kakhulu wafuna emva izinto abantu. Yintoni abamele? Kuhle ukukhumbula, njengoko sasinixelele kwi chemistry kwibakala 9.

hydrocarbon

Olu udidi izinto idibanisa iintlobo iikhompawundi, uninzi lwazo liye lasetyenziswa ngempumelelo iinjongo zabo umntu. Oku kungenxa yokuba carbon Kulula kakhulu ukwenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali, xa hydrogen ethile, kwaye ke ngoko kukho iintlobo enjalo. Ngaphandle kwalo, ubomi bekuya kuba nzima kwifomu apho siyazi loo nto.

Hydrocarbon - into equlethe lweziqalelo zekhabhoni ezimbini kunye hydrogen. iimolekyuli zabo kuba linear nje kuphela kodwa branched kunye nefom ivaliwe ephambuka.

ngezigaba

Carbon yakha izitropu ezine, kunye hydrogen - nye. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba umlinganiselo wabo usoloko-1 ukuya ku-4 Inyaniso kukuba phakathi athom carbon kusenokungabikho kuphela kodwa iibhondi kabini kathathu. Ngokwale njengenqobo bahlule iindidi hydrocarbon. Kwimeko yokuqala ezi izinto kuthiwa umda (okanye alkanes), kwaye eyesibini - unsaturated okanye unsaturated (alkenes kunye alkynes amalinki ezimbini ezintathu ngokulandelelana).

Enye ngokuhlelwa ubonelela ingqalelo molecule. Kulo mzekelo ukwahlula hydrocarbon aliphatic, ezo isakhiwo yomgama, kunye carbocyclic, kwisiphaluka elivaliweyo. Ezi ke zahlulwe zibe alicyclic kunye enuka kamnandi.

Ukongeza, hydrocarbon badla phantsi polymerization - inkqubo kuthinjwe iimolekyuli twatse omnye komnye. Ngenxa yoko izinto ezintsha ngokupheleleyo, ngokungafaniyo siseko. Umzekelo polyethylene efunyenwe ethylene nje. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kufikwa hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo.

Isakhiwo, nayo leyo lilungu udidi unsaturated, usebenzisa radicals zabo simahla ncamathela kunye atom ezintsha ngaphandle hydrogen. Kulo mzekelo, i wafumana ezinye izinto eziphilayo: alkoholi, amine, ketones, esters, iiprotheni, njl Kodwa ngokupheleleyo eyahlukileyo umxholo chemistry ...

izibonelo

Hydrocarbon - ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kwezinto, nokuba kuthathelwa ingqalelo yokuhlela. Sekunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba ngokufutshane dwelisa amagama iikhompawundi ifakiwe kule klasi enkulu.

1. hydrocarbon kugcwale - na methane, methane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, njl Isihloko sokuqala kunye wesithathu eziqhelekileyo, nkqu nabo ezinobungozi ngokukhethekileyo chemistry ... Ngoko wabiza kakhulu eziqhelekileyo iigesi iintlobo.
2. Le alkenes (olefins) iklasi ziquka ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), butene, pentene, hexene kunye like. D.
3. Ukuya alkynes ezi-ethini (iasithilini), propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, njalo-njalo. D.
4. Ke kaloku, iibhondi kabini kathathu inokuba eyodwa. Kulo mzekelo, izakhiwo ezinjalo alkadienyl kunye alkadiinam. Kodwa kakhulu akufuneki irhubhululo.
5. Ke hydrocarbon, isakhiwo apho ivaliwe, kuba amagama abo: cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes kunye cycloalkynes.
6. Amagama Okokuqala: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc ...
7. Eklasini yesibini ziquka cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene kunye like. D.
8. Ekugqibeleni cycloalkynes, non-ngokwemvelo yenzeke. Siye wazama nokulungelelanisa kubo ixesha elide yaye kangangexesha elide, yaye kwaba kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Cycloalkynyl molecule luqulathe ubuncinane 8 atom carbon. Ekubeni imali encinci inamehlo nje ingazinzi ngenxa yoxinezeleko kakhulu.
9. Kukho enkundleni (hydrocarbon enuka), ilula kwaye yeyona ixhaphakileyo leyo emele benzene. Kwakhona kule klasi ziquka naphthalene, furan, thiophene, indole, njalo-njalo. D.

izakhiwo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, le hydrocarbon - inani elikhulu kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuthetha ngayo impahla yawo eqhelekileyo Kuthi engaqhelekanga, kuba loo nto apho.

Lo msebenzi osemqoka efanayo kuzo zonke hydrocarbon nga kuqwalaselwa ngaphandle kokuba nokwakheka. Kananjalo ke into yokuba ekuqaleni komkrozo ngamnye, njengoko inani athom carbon, utshintsho ukusuka ifomu sukube kwaye yolwelo a eqinileyo.

Kukho omnye ukufana: zonke hydrocarbon babe LINGATSHA elungileyo. Kulo mzekelo eninzi ubushushu, wavelisa icarbon dioxide namanzi.

imithombo yendalo

Njengezinye izimbiwa, ezinye hydrocarbon ezi ngokohlobo iidiphozithi esizigcinele noqweqwe. Ingakumbi, benza uninzi oyile negesi. Oku ngokucacileyo ekusetyenzweni yokugqibela: kwinkqubo ukhupha imali kwezinto, uninzi lwazo kongoma leswaku hydrocarbon. Gas ngokupheleleyo 80-97% ngokuqhelekileyo iqulathe methane. Ngaphezu koko, methane iveliswa ngexesha yokubola lenkunkuma yokuphilayo intsalela, ukuze ukulungiselela yayo angezanga yingxaki enkulu.

Okunye imithombo hydrocarbon - elebhu. Ezo izinto ezo kungenzeki kwindalo, kunokuqulunqwa kwezinye iikhompawundi ekudibaneni kwemichiza.

ukusetyenziswa

Hydrocarbon zidlala indima enkulu kubomi mihla yoluntu. Oyile negesi ziye kuba luncedo kakhulu, kuba bakhonza amafutha kunye namandla. Kodwa oku iindlela kuphela lokusebenaisa i iikhompawundi kule klasi. Hydrocarbon - ngokoqobo yonke into ubajikelezile naye abantu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngenxa polymerization wakwazi ukufumana izinto ezintsha zokwakha ngenxa ezahlukeneyo iindidi zeplastiki, amalaphu, njl separafini, izinyibilikisi, ipeyinti iimveliso ivanishi, amafutha, asphalt, tar, itha, yaye loo nto zamadoda iimveliso eziphambili yahluzwa - .. Of zepetroli diesel.

Ixabiso kwezi zinto yeyabahlali. Njengoko hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo igcwaliswe - amakhulu kunye amawaka izinto apho wonke umntu kusetyenziswa kwaye akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kubo elula iimeko. Kakhulu kunzima ukwala ukusebenzisa zabo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba i -oyile negesi sishiywe njengoko abahlalutyi baqikelela. Kakade, abantu ibisoloko uphendlo esebenzayo for eminye imithombo yamandla, kodwa akukho nanye iinketho okwangoku yabonisa ukusebenza enye yokusebenza njengoko hydrocarbon.