Iiplastikhi kunye nesicelo sabo. iiplastiki porosity

Iintlobo-ntlobo zeplastiki ibonelele ngamathuba angawo ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezithile kunye namacandelo. Nje kwenzeka ezi zinto zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo: ukusuka zobunjineli nobunjineli erediyo amayeza kunye nezolimo. Imibhobho kunye namacandelo ukuba oomatshini, izinto zokwambathisa ezikhoyo, housings ukuba izixhobo kunye nezinto zendlu - uluhlu enkulu oko wenziwa zeplastiki.

The main iintlobo

Iiplastikhi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokusekelwe koko Iipholima ezisisiseko - zendalo okanye zokwenziwa. Bona phantsi bubushushu, uxinzelelo, uze ukwenza amanqaku udini ezahlukahlukeneyo entsonkothileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba xa ezi zazo ukugcina uhlobo imveliso ogqityiweyo. Zonke iiplastiki thermoplastic, oko kukuthi ingathityazwa, kunye thermosetting (ayibuyiseki umva).

Umva abe plastiki phantsi kwempembelelo zokufudumeza engaphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, kunye neenguqu ezinkulu ekwakhiweni musa zenzeke. Le ucinezelo kwaye sele imveliso ngokuqinileyo kunokwenzeka kusoloko kwehla aze ayinike isimo. lweendidi ezaziwayo leyo zeplastiki (thermoplastic) ezifana polyethylene kunye ezinepolisterini. Imvelaphi iyamelana umhlwa, kunye neempawu Heating. Rhoqo eyenziweyo imibhobho yayo, iifilim, iimakhishithi, lisetyenziswa njengento yokukhusela ubushushu.

Of styrene ku istro

Ngenxa polymerization of styrene yaba istro uzilungiselele. Kulo kwixesha elizayo ukudala iindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe ukulahlwa okanye embi. iiplastiki ezinjalo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi ukuveliswa kwiindawo ezinkulu kunye neemveliso, ezifana iifriji okanye iziqalelo ze zangasese. Phakathi iiplastiki thermosetting adla ngokusetyenziswa pressporoshki, laminates, ifayibha kwaqinisa zeplastiki, leyo ngokubanzi ukuze kufunyanwe iindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Iiplastiki - Kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kwaye, ngokusekelwe apho ungenza okuninzi zorhwebo. Kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu thermal na iintlobo zilandelayo iiplastiki :

1. Ngokucindezela. Yeyona ndlela ithandwa kakhulu yokufumana iimveliso ngezinto thermosetting. Kodini oluqhutywa ngumngundo ezizodwa phantsi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo.
2. Ngenaliti xa sisakhula. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukwenza iimveliso iimilo ezahlukeneyo. Kuba oku iitanki ezizodwa ezaliswe ngeplastiki otyhidiweyo. inkqubo ngokwayo luphawulwa kwimveliso ophezulu nokuba nemfezeko.
3. Extrusion. Ngenxa processing asifumanayo iintlobo ezininzi iimveliso zeplastiki, ezifana nemibhobho, ngemisonto, nemitya, kwiifilim imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
4. Bevuthela. Le ndlela - ithuba ogqibeleleyo ukudala imveliso lefom emikhulu, nto leyo eya kuba umthungo kwi ndawo lokuvalwa ukungunda.
5. Umqondiso wokunyathela. Le iimveliso indlela qamba plastiki kunye macwecwe iimilo ezikhethekileyo.

Iimpawu polymerization

Le iplastiki zingafunyanwa polymerization kunye polycondensation. Kwimeko yokuqala molekyuli monomer ezinxulumene ukwenza ikhonkco Polymer ngaphandle kokukhutshwa amanzi kunye notywala, elinesibini - ngu-weemveliso akadalwanga lubotshelelwe Polymer. iindlela neendidi zeplastiki ezahlukeneyo polymerization kube lula ukufumana ezaqanjwa ayifani iipropati ekuqaleni. Indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngoku udlalwa nge lobushushu elichanekileyo kunye nobushushu abasabela ngayo ubume sukube polymerize kakuhle. Xa polymerization kubalulekile ukuba banikele ingqalelo kule monomer lentsalela - ngaphezu kwayo ezincinane, kuthembeka ngakumbi yaye kuthabatha ixesha elide kulo msebenzi uya kuba zeplastiki.

porosity

Ukuba iindlela polymerization aye anyhashwa, oko kunokukhokelela iziphene kwiimveliso ugqibile. Bona amaqamza abonakale, umtshato kunye nokwanda noxinezeleko lwangaphakathi. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo porosity zeplastiki:

1. Gas. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba imo polymerization kantu, kunye benzoyl pheroksayidi amathumba. Ukuba pores igesi akhiwa Ebubanzini le afakelweyo, kufuneka ukuba ukutshintsha.
2. porosity Granular kwenzeka ngenxa umgubo Polymer agqithisileyo, komphunga monomer ukusuka kumphezulu umgangatho eziphathekayo okanye ukuxuba elingonelanga nokwakheka zeplastiki.
3. Le porosity le ucinezelo. Kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukunciphisa ivolyum ubunzima polymerizing phantsi isiphumo xi ayoneli okanye ukungabikho nokwakheka sukube.

Yintoni sixoxe?

Kufuneka wazi ukuba iintlobo iiplastiki porosity, nokuthintela iziphene imveliso yokugqibela. Kuyimfuneko ukuba anikele ingqalelo porosity encinane kumphezulu sokwenziwa. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba isixa esikhulu kakhulu le monomer, apho porosity angabekwa ukuba ipolishi. Ukuba, ngethuba lokusebenza kunye yeplastiki kwakhiwa ntshikilelo intsalela yangaphakathi, imveliso ivale. kuvela ngenxa ukunyhashwa imo polymerization Loo meko, xa injongosenzi elide kakhulu emanzini abilayo.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuvuthuluka iimpawu mechanical zemathiriyeli Polymer ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ukuguga, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubugcisa bemveliso kuyimfuneko ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo.

iplastiki Basic - ntoni na?

izinto kujongwa esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwenziweni neziseko zitho imbasa asuswayo. Iintlobo uthandwayo iiplastiki ezingundoqo isiseko zokwenziwa. Mass for iinqwelwana, ngokuqhelekileyo indibanisela luthuthu ulwelo. Xa zixubene ke, ubume yokubumba idaliwe leyo lukhuni ngokuqhutywa ngumdla okanye ngaphantsi ukufudumeza. Kuxhomekeka umbandela ifunyenwe eshushu-enganyangekiyo okanye self-lukhuni. Ukuba iiplastiki ezisisiseko polymerization Hot ziquka:

• Etacryl (AKP-15);
• akrel;
• ftoraks;
• YaseAkron.

Materials ukudala amazinyo kukho iiplastiki bhetyebhetye, ezo ezifunekayo njenge pads athambileyo nto ibangela ukuba iziseko. Kufuneka uphephe umzimba, ezinxulumene ngokuqinileyo kunye isiseko sokwenziwa ukugcina ububhetyebhetye kunye umthamo rhoqo. Phakathi iiplastiki ezinjalo Kuyaphawuleka eladent ukuba akhande ukuya afakelweyo zizonke, kwaye ortoksil leyo ifunyenwe ngokusekelwe nentlaka siloxane.

izinto zokwakha

Iindidi eziphambili zeplastiki asetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, kuxhomekeka nokwakheka. Ezona mpahla ethandwayo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

1. eziphathekayo Polymer. Le resin zizonke, eyenziwe ngokusekelwe neeplastikhi thermosetting. Okungcono ngokwemiqathango beepropati emzimbeni yokugaya Polymer eziluqilima ziyenziwa ingqalelo ngokusekelwe nentlaka epoxy. Brittleness zokufunda uyahlawulwa fillers ezinezikhondo - asbestos, imicu zeglasi. Polymer concrete zisetyenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo abamelana imichiza.
2. GRP - mihla iintlobo zokwakha iiplastiki, ezo neemakhishithi zabo kwimicu iglasi, amalaphu, Polymer linkable. Fiberglass wadala ngokusekelwe kwimicu ekujoliswe okanye zinqunqwe kunye amalaphu okanye ipiyano.
3. izinto Floor. Bona zinikwa oluneentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwenziwa zhidkovyazovyh ukutyabeka roll esekelwe neeplastikhi. Esi sakhiwo lisetyenziswa ilinoliyam ngokusekelwe PVC, kunye thermal kunye ive yokusebenza kakuhle usambathisa. Umgangatho engaqukunjelwanga yemastic anokwenziwa ngokusekelwe umxube feed kunye oligomers.

Zeplastiki nokumakishwa yayo

Kukho 5 iintlobo zeplastiki, okuye isiqu sawo;

1. Polyethylene terephthalate (linguPete na ileta yokumakisha okanye PET). Esibonakala ukusebenza isicelo ebanzi: esetyenziselwa ukugcina iziselo ezahlukeneyo,-oyile, zokuthambisa.
2. ingxinano polyethylene (iHDPE okanye ezibhalwe njengoko PE HD). Le nto luphawulwa ukusebenza, ngokukhululeka, ukumelana neenguqu obushushu. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukwenziwa tableware ezilahlwayo, izikhongozeli ngokuba iingxowa zokugcina ukutya, izinto zokudlala.
3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC okanye iphawulwe njengo V). Ukususela kule nto kukho iinkangeleko window, izahlulo ifanitshala, Ifilimu lanqunyanyiswa iisilingi, imibhobho, ukutyibilika kunye nangaphezulu. Ngenxa umxholo bisphenol A, IVinyl chloride, phthalates Polyvinyl azisetyenziselwa ekuvelisweni iimveliso (izikhongozelo, cookware kunye ezifana. P.) Ngenxa yokugcina ukutya.
4. Polyethylene (LDPE okanye PEBD marking). Le izinto zexabiso eliphantsi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso weengxowa, iingxowa inkunkuma, ilinoliyam kunye CDs.
5. Polypropylene (PP iye zokuphawula alphabetic). amandla ezahlukeneyo, ukumelana ubushushu, ezifanele ukuveliswa izikhongozelo ukutya, ukupakishwa ukutya, izinto zokudlala, iisirinji.

Popular iintlobo zeplastiki - istro kunye polycarbonate. ngokubanzi ukuba zisetyenziswa mveliso eyahlukeneyo.

Fields of application

Iintlobo-ntlobo zeplastiki zisetyenziswa mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, iimfuno kubo malunga okufanayo - lula ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko. Makhe sihlolisise iindidi thermoplastics kunye nemida yayo.

iiplastiki Thermosetting (itheyibhile)

endaweni yesiphelo

Kwinqaku langoku wajonga iintlobo iiplastikhi kunye nesicelo sabo. Xa usebenzisa le kufunda ingqalelo yimiba ezininzi, ukusukela iimpawu zomzimba zomatshini kunye neempawu ndide ndiwufeze umsebenzi. Nangona eplastiki yayo iindleko na inqanaba ezaneleyo kokhuseleko, leyo kakhulu kwandisa umda isicelo sayo.