Eyona eziphambili ze zokwakha

Ukwakhiwa - enye kwimimandla zindala zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Sakhiwe zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo basefama nabantu kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Njengoko lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa ubuchwepheshe yokwakha uluntu ngcono kancinci. izakhiwo Modern sakhiwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha kunye nezinto eziphambili kakhulu lula ukuyisebenzisa, ethembekileyo kwaye ixesha elide. Ushishino lokwakha inye kakhulu namhlanje entsonkothileyo kakhulu kunye nesakhiwo olutshintshayo. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha ezifana uhlobo ukwakha izibonelelo kunye ekwenzeni imisebenzi ngokwabo nobuchwepheshe.

The main Ukuhlelwa

zokwakha Modern yahlulwe iintlobo nje ezimbini eziphambili:

• Capital. izinto zakhe izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ezinxulumene udidi real estate, edityaniswe kwi phantsi nge isiseko.
• Non-capital. Linjongo olu hlobo lokwakha lulwakhiwo okwethutyana ezilula.

Iintlobo iiyunithi yokwakha (capital)

Ngokutsho komthetho Russian kwipropati ziquka:

• Building. Bonisa izakhiwo ukuba angaphantsi komhlaba (isiseko elingaphantsi) kunye nenxalenye zasemoyeni. Kule hlobo izakhiwo wendlela ngokuqhelekileyo hlanganisa kwakhona ababeqondisa uthungelwano: ubonelelo lwamanzi, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi amdaka, umoya, njalo njalo Izakhiwo singayilwa ngenxa yokuhlala okanye imisebenzi zabantu ...
• Izakhiwo. Ingaba iinkqubo linear okanye Planar eziquka izakhiwo umthwalo-ngokuzala, njengakwimeko yokuqala nokubane komhlaba kunye inxalenye ngentla-komhlaba. izakhiwo ezinjalo bakholisa zenzelwe ukuba ukuhambisa abantu okanye impahla, ukugcinwa mveliso okanye iinkqubo zokuvelisa. Ngokomzekelo, izakhiwo kungakhokelela iibhulorho, iindlela, amadami, amaqula oyile kunye like. D.
• Asethi sisephantsi kolwakhiwo. izakhiwo ke call, ukwakhiwa kwawo ngenxa yesizathu esithile wayeka. Sebenzisa nabo ezinye iinjongo de kube sekupheleni ibandla akunakwenzeka.

izinto zokwakha non-capital

Ngexesha lokwakha oyinyaniso, nakhelwe phezu iziza kwemihlaba (ngokuqhelekileyo hayi ngaphezulu kwe-5 iminyaka) ebalulwe kota. Njengoko umzekelo iiprojekthi zokwakha non-capital zinokoyanyaniswa:

• iBible;
• hozblok;
• isisiza;
• apholile;
• hangars lokukha kunye namaholo, njalo njalo. d.

Ulwahlulo kweentlobo zezinto

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo yokwakha nenjongo izakhiwo kwakhiwa. Le yokugqibela kusenokuba, mveliso, imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokuhlala, njalo njalo Ngenxa yesi sizathu ukwakhiwa ihlelwa ..:

• Civil. Iinjongo kolu didi zezi ekhaya, nephantsi kunye eziphakamileyo, ngokunjalo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu (urhulumente, ofisi, ezorhwebo, yolawulo kunye t.) Of isakhiwo.
• Industrial. Olu didi lubandakanya umsebenzi ezinxulunyaniswa nokwakhiwa iivenkile, imizi-mveliso, bayisile ematyeni kunye neefektri.
• Agricultural.
• Transport. Ukwakhiwa iibhulorho, amatonela kunye neendlela.
• Lamanzi. Ukwakhiwa kwamadama, imijelo, amadama, amadama kunye like. D.
• Military. Ukwakhiwa kwamaziko zomkhosi.

Okulandelayo, cinga ngoko okuthathwa iintlobo ukwakhiwa eyinkunzi iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo.

civil engineering

Ukwakhiwa Izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye noluntu ngexesha lethu yasebenza nenani enkulu yeenkampani. isabelo yengonyama zonke notyalo-mali kulwakhiwo, ngoku siza kuba inkangeleko yakhe emkhosini.

izakhiwo zokuhlala ezisezantsi ukunyuka eflethini okanye. Kwimeko yokuqala isivumelwano kunye nenkampani ngokuqhelekileyo iqukumbela ulawulo elalini okanye inkampani. Lwesibini - umrhwebi labucala, ekubeni zokuhlala ezisezidolophini.

Kuba izakhiwo zoluntu ziquka iivenkile, urhulumente, i-ofisi, amaziko ezemidlalo, canteens, cafes, zokutyela njalo njalo. D. izivumelwano kulwakhiwo yabo ukuze bangene imizimba zolawulo, amashishini okanye abantu.

engineering industrial

Ukwakhiwa kwamaziko imveliso ngeenjongo ezizodwa ezininzi izinto zobugcisa. Ngoko ke, isakhiwo ezoshishino esemagqagaleni iqela eyahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, uphahla amaziko zemveliso ngokuqhelekileyo tyaba, engamarhoqorhoqo, ukuba, kwizakhiwo ezinkulu, iivenkile badla iifestile angekhoyo ngokupheleleyo, njalo-njalo. D.

Inkoliso yeenkampani yanamhlanje zokwakha banelungelo azibandakanye izakhiwo zokuhlala civil kunye nezoshishino.

Ukwakhiwa kwamaziko zomkhosi

Iindidi ngasentla sokwakha zenziwa ngaphandle ziinkampani ezizodwa empini zesiqhelo. Ukwakhiwa kweendawo zokhuselo iinkampani ezifana nazo ezibandakanya. Noko ke, lo mkhwa - oko kunokuba umnyinyiva ngaphezu mthetho. Amaninzi kwezi zakhiwo nakhelwe zonke kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa emkhosini-yokwakha. Loxolo, le yokugqibela abenza ubukhulu becala izakhiwo bekujongiwe yokuhlala kwamagosa kunye namajoni, kwakunye ixesha elide iinqaba. Ngexesha lemfazwe, kwiziseko ezinjengezo banoxanduva lungiselelo ezinkundleni imfazwe.

zokwakha yezolimo

Ukwakhiwa kwamaziko emveliso ezifama kunye nemfuyo elikhulu akhasayo kunye neenkampani zezolimo - nkqubo naye uneempawu zawo. Izakhiwo ukulungiselela iinjongo zezolimo lidla esizigubungeleyo indawo enkulu kakhulu, nto leyo, Kakade, ngeke kodwa libangele ubunzima kunye nombutho umsebenzi. Nguwo lo ke umahluko ophambili phakathi olu hlobo lokwakha ukusuka abanye. Ukwakhiwa kwamaziko ukwenzela iinjongo zezolimo kweli xesha lethu kwakunye mveliso kunye neendawo zokuhlala, ubukhulu becala ngesivumelwano. Kusenokuba, umzekelo, izindlu zeenkukhu, iifama nemfuyo, zokugcina, isakhiwo agronomic, iiklinikhi zonyango lwezilwanyana njalo njalo. D.

Ucalulo ngohlobo lomsebenzi owenziwa

Ulwakhiwo wahlulwe yi olu phawu:

• New. Kulo sakhiwo meko okanye isakhiwo esakhiwe ukusuka ekuqaleni.
• Extension. Olu hlobo lokwakha kubandakanya ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi kwi nokwakhiwa kweendawo ukuncedisana isakhiwo esele zikhona.
• Reconstruction. Kulo mzekelo, nokuvulwa izibonelelo ezikhoyo, ezidilikileyo okanye inxenye yonakele, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, ukuba imeko yabo yokuqala.
• re Technical (yotshintsho). Lokuphuhlisa iindawo ezikhoyo ngenxa iphelelwe ngumsebenzi wabo.

Olu luhlu luqulethe misebenzi iphambili ukwakhiwa eyinkunzi. Kukho nezinye, akukho iziganeko ezinkulu-obungaka nazo zibandakanyiwe imisebenzi ngokukodwa kulwakhiwo zamashishini nezakhiwo.

Kwabo, umzekelo, kuquka ukulungiswa kunye iphele. Yokwakha kunye yeyala maxesha, ukuba ahluka ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokuba ukuphunyezwa yabo ntoni ukutshintsha technical parameters yesakhiwo ezingundoqo nto.

Zonke ezi ntlobo kokwakhiwa: ngokutsha, ukulungiswa (kubandakanywa), ukwanda, yotshintsho, njl - umsebenzi becala kakhulu inzima .. Baya kufuna ukuba abasebenzi izakhono ezithile kunye nobuchule.

iintlobo Common emisebenzi kulwakhiwo

Inkqubo yokwakha izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo, kwakunye uphuculo ngokutsha kungabandakanya:

• umsebenzi Geodetic ukufunda kwindawo yokwakha.
• umsebenzi lokuqala (ukudilizwa kwezakhiwo ubudala, ukwakhiwa kweendlela yethutyana, eziluncedo njalo njalo. D.).
• imisebenzi zokumba (sokuhambisa, ukugangatheka, imingxuma imingxuma sisigingqi).
• kakuhle isixhobo.
• Ukwakhiwa izisekelo.
• Isebenza yokubekwa izakhiwo wamatye.
• Ukufakelwa izakhiwo yesinyithi.
• Assembly kwezakhiwo ngamaplanga.
• Izixhobo uphahla njalo njalo. D.

Zonke ezi ntlobo kwemisebenzi kulwakhiwo babe neempawu zabo kwaye lwenziwa ziingcali abaqeqeshiweyo kakhulu. Kunye nokwakhiwa nasiphi na isakhiwo okanye isakhiwo ziyathotyelwa compulsorily kunye SNP, kwakunye nokhuseleko.

Njengoko ubona, ngexesha lethu, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo sokwakha: ngokutsha, yotshintsho, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngeqanda, njl ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo .. Eminye imisebenzi bamele inkqubo yobuchwepheshe ezintsonkothileyo, abanye ngokulula engenziwa yi non-ngamagcisa. Noko ke, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ulwakhiwo - necandelo kuqoqosho lesizwe lidlala indima engekude ukusuka yokugqibela.