Shagal Mark: imizobo kunye nezihloko. Mark Shagal: ubuchule

Ngowe-1887, ngoJulayi 7, wazalwa i-class ehlabathini artist elilandelayo Shagal uMarko, ogama imizobo lonke kwinkulungwane yama-20, wabangela eye yakhamnqisa nkqu bakunanzile iindwendwe nemiboniso ezininzi, nto leyo oluboniswe imizobo edume avant-garde mculi.

Ukuqala ngendlela yokudala

ebuntwaneni Moishe, abazali bakhe ogama ekuqaleni, kwaqhutywa kwisixeko Vitebsk. Uyise wayesebenza umlayishi kwimarike yeentlanzi ke, unina waqhubeka kwesitulo encinane, utatomkhulu yaba cantor kwindlu yesikhungu yamaYuda. Emva kokuphumelela kwisikolo zonqulo zamaYuda kuMoses wangena yokwenza umthambo, nangona amaYuda ayengavunyelwa ukuba beze kwizikolo Russian in tsarist eRashiya. Kakade ke, kwakunzima ukufunda kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Emva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa, wayeka esikolweni waza waba ntliziyo "School of bezoba bepeyinta artist Pan." Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, uMnu Peng, italente wambetha umfana wacela kuye imfundo simahla esikolweni.

artist Young redrew zonke izalamane zakhe yena, ngoko waqalisa ukupeyinta eni abemi Vitebsk. Ngenxa yoko, kweli hlabathi yobugcisa wabonakala original eqaqambileyo opeyintayo Shagal uMarko, ogama imizobo kungekudala iza ukuthenga ezona iimyuziyam ehlabathini. Lesiqhulo, okanye mandithi igama elitsha, kungoku nje wenza ngokwakhe. Moishe linguMarko, kunye Chagall - utshintsho Segal, ukususela ifani kayise.

capital Northern

nyaka-amabini uMarko wagqiba ekubeni ahlale endaweni enye yaye kungekudala waya eSt Petersburg, ndithembe ukuba kuqhubeka khona uqeqesho ukupeyinta. Imali yakhe, koko, umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente Russian zocalucalulo malunga amaYuda wenza ngokwayo ngayo. Live kwikomkhulu esemantla kwafuneka kumgca intlupheko, lokusinda kwi imisebenzi yasendlini. Noko ke, Chagall zange amandla, wavuya ukuba kwi maelstrom ubomi ubugcisa of St. Petersburg. Ngokuthe ngcembe, wabumba isangqa lwabafowunelwa luncedo phakathi koluntu ephakamileyo yamaYuda, kunye nabahlobo abatsha baqalisa ukunceda amagcisa abaselula.

Shagal Mark, ogama imizobo kwaba kuthathwa njengabathunywa isimbo esitsha surrealist, zama ukuphuhlisa ubuntu babo yaye abazange balandele izimiso eyamkelekileyo yokudweba. Ke, njengoko kubonisiwe ubomi kamva, yena ukhethe indlela efanelekileyo. Xa imisebenzi yokuqala umculi zaqala fantastic iintsomi kunye nemifanekiso Nakuba. Into yonke ebhaliweyo kule thuba Mark Shagal bafaka isibizo esithi: "The Holy Family", "Ukufa", "Ukuzalwa" - imizekelo yinkulumbuso style ezingaqhelekanga. Kule sihloko yokugqibela, imbonakalo komntwana ehlabathini, kubonakala imisebenzi izihlandlo eziliqela Chagall, xa ukutolika ezahlukeneyo. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke iimeko, njengomfazi ozalayo ivezwe umzekelo omhle, which nexabiso nabanye abantu, abalimi, iibhokhwe, amahashe ngeenxa zonke. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuyeyona nto of Akunguye Marc Chagall, wakwazi ukuba amalungiselelo iinkcukacha ezincinane ukuze ngequbuliso baqala ukulawula isihlwele. Ndidikwe usengumama omtsha umbelekisi kunye usana ezingalweni zakhe kwezinye obyurazom Akukwazi yaba liziko womfanekiso.

Nolwazi Lvom Bakstom

Ngoxa e St. Petersburg, Shagal uMarko, ogama imizobo kuye kwatsala ukwandisa ingqalelo yoluntu wempangelo, waqhubeka izifundo zakhe kwisikolo sabucala yobugcisa Seidenberg ngelixa esenza umsebenzi olula enkarhini lowu yamaYuda "Sunrise" ukunika ukutya kwabo. Kamva, wadibana ne Lvom Bakstom, Zvantseva umfundisi esikolweni, nto leyo wadlala indima ebonakalayo bayahlelwa mculi. Chagall naye khona izifundo opeyintayo Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, leyo yatsala ngaye yintshatsheli yonke ezintsha zobugcisa.

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1910 kwi bt Marc Chagall - imizobo yakhe inxaxheba ngosuku lokuqala, nto leyo yomveleli abahleli "Apollo". Ngaphambi nje kokuba esi siganeko umzobi wadibana inkazana yobomi bakhe, uBella Rosenfeld. Uthando aduma phakathi kwabo ngephanyazo, yaye yathatha ixesha uyavuya ezimbini ukuya imini xa abantu abatsha bafika utshatile kwaye baqalisa ukuhlala kunye. Ngowe-1916 esi sibini saba intombi ogama Ida.

Ukufudukela Paris

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1910, usekela Mxim Vinaver, van'wankumi kunye fan enkulu zobugcisa ocoliweyo, Chagall ngokunikwa imali wenza kube lula ukufunda e-Paris. Ikomkhulu France wadibana uMarko affably, waba abahlobo kunye opeyintayo Ehrenburg kunye noncedo wakhe wathabatha studio in Montparnasse. Chagall wabhala ebusuku emini ilahlekileyo ngeenjiko, zokuzilungisa kunye nemiboniso, nokugcina yonke into edibene ubugcisa enkulu yokudweba.

Masters zenkulungwane yama-20 baye baba njengomzekelo wegcisa abatsha. Great Cezanne, Van Gogh, Pol Gogen, Delacroix - ngamnye kubo ngolangazelelo Chagall izama ukufunda into ngokwabo. umcebisi wakhe eSt Petersburg, Lev Bakst, kanye ukujonga Imizobo izindawo ngayo umfundi wakhe, wathi ngokuzithemba ukuba "Ngoku yonke imibala zicula." Mizobo ngu Marc Chagall, ifoto apho thaca kwiphepha, inkxaso utitshala wakho ngokupheleleyo.

yabagula creative

Chagall bafudukela kungekudala "I Ekwakuphithizela", indawo uhlobo arttsentr izindawo, eyaba yindawo amagcisa abahambela amahlwempu. Apha, uMarko wadibana iimbongi, ababhali, amagcisa kunye nezinye bohemians kwesihloko French. Bonke abo imisebenzi wabhala kwi "Ekwakuphithizela" Mark Shagal (bafaka isibizo esithi: "umbethi-fidyoli," "eKalvari", "Sizahlulela mtshakazi wam", "Jonga ka Paris ukusuka window"), "bakhe ikhadi ukubiza". Noko ke, nangona nokwenziwa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokusingqongileyo izindawo ubugcisa, igcisa akawalibalanga malunga lomthonyama Vitebsk wakhe, ipeyinti: "iinkomo Nethengisiweyo", "Mna kunye Village", "isnuff".

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Enye mizobo esimnandi kakhulu yi "window. Vitebsk", ibhalwe ngesimbo ka "vutshila obonisa" okanye "primitivism", bona babemlandele kwixesha yokuqala umsebenzi wakhe uMarko Shagal. "Window. Vitebsk" yadalwa 1908 xa umzobi nje ekuqaleni ukufunda ubulumko "isimbo eyayingekaphuhli".

Kwiminyaka nje embalwa wachitha e Paris, Mark Shagal wabhala imizobo malunga namashumi amathathu kwaye ngaphezu kwama-150 watercolors. Wonke umsebenzi wabagxotha eBerlin ukuba umboniso yobugcisa ngowe-1914, nto leyo eyaba intsebenzo kuyizuza wakhe kweli hlabathi zobugcisa. Abaphulaphuli okunoneleyo yi imizobo ka Chagall. Berlin artist wayeza ukuya yakowabo Vitebsk yakhe kubona Bella, kodwa kuthintele kokuqala ngesiquphe leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

I ngakumbi bayahlelwa mculi

Mark Zaharovich Shagal, ogama imizobo baye kwaziwa ngokubanzi, wakhululwa uyilo yomkhosi. Abahlobo bandinceda ukufumana indawo kwisebe emkhosini-mveliso of St. Petersburg, yaye kangangexesha elithile umzobi yanikezelwa izindlu kunye nemisebenzi. Imizobo Chagall kula maxesha anzima baba ingakumbi inyathelo-ingalungiswa ngokoqobo. "War", "Window emaphandleni", "umthendeleko weminquba", "Red umYuda" - nje ezimbalwa imizobo, ayayilwa ngexesha lemfazwe. lomculi series ngokwahlukileyo ombambazelayo lwemizobo sadalwa, "Hambani", "Pink Lovers", "Birthday", "Bella enekhola white". Le mizobo zimele kuphela inxalenye encinane uluhlu imisebenzi yakhe leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

"Hamba"

Enye imisebenzi edume umzobi, wadala ngo-1918. amazwi Post-mbuso, inkolelo nekamva eliqaqambileyo, uthando uthando oselula - konke oku kubonakala phezu ngelaphu. Ukuphoxeka amaxabiso amatsha zentlalo yeBhunga eli lizwe akakafiki, nangona ngeenxa nje ekoneni. Sekunjalo, enye abalandeli uthembekileyo ekuphumezeni ezintsha xesha umzobi Mark Shagal. "Hamba" - umfanekiso yi nethemba, kwinzaliseko yethemba, eqaqambileyo, abalinganiswa hayi ucinga ezimbi. Umfazi kubonisiwe kwi ngelaphu, ezidadayo ngaphezu Enyanisweni, umfana, kakhulu, ukulungele ukufumana ngaphandle emhlabeni.

umsebenzi Chagall ka-1917-1918

Artist waphefumlela iziganeko olululo Petrograd. Yena, efana abaninzi kwikomkhulu ongasentla nezazi, waziva umoya entsha utshintsho kwaye bakholwa ingaphumeleli zabo. Petersburg amagcisa, ababhali, abaqambi wathabatha ukukhuthaza indlela entsha yokuphila, yaye omnye ngowokuqala phakathi abathanda ekubizeni umasilingane abantu bonke, nguMarko Shagal. Imizobo "Ngentla City," "War yasebhotwe - ooronta ihlabathi" kunye nezinye Imizobo emininzi eli xesha zibonisa umnqweno wegcisa ukudala.

UBella kunye isipha seentyatyambo

Indawo okhethekileyo umzobi ithatha umzobo sungula ku umfazi wakhe amthandayo, enibe bazisa kuye isipha seentyatyambo ukuze avuyisane ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa. Ngaphandle nokulahlekelwa okwesibini, wabalekiselwa ngoM. Kwandichukumisa undoqo, igcisa wazama ukufaka zihlandlo ezintle kwi ngelaphu. Oku lonke Mark Shagal. "Birthday" - umfanekiso wadala kumcimbi imizuzu ngendlela mzobo, uze emva koko ilungiswe. Waba ngomnye eyona ekuqokelelweni wegcisa. Njengoko ibango, nesikunikwayo uza okwemizuzu embalwa, kubalulekile ukuba kuphoswa.

yemfanelo

impahla Ngowe-1918, Mark Zaharovich Shagal, ogama imizobo ziye ziqwalaselwe kwiphondo Vitebsk, ukuba ugunyazisiwe ukuba Arts ekomiti yesigqeba yendawo. Umzobi babonisa izakhono ezibalaseleyo lombutho, waleka Vitebsk ngomhla wesikhumbuzo zemishini ka-Oktobha Revolution, iindidi iibhanile, iiflegi kunye nezibhengezo. "Art kwinginginya!" - yaba sesikwenzile yakhe.

Ngowe-1920, Mark Shagal wafudukela eMoscow kunye noBella kunye noIda omncinane, apho waqalisa ukusebenza entsimini imidlalo ekuhlaleni. Ebudeni eqhelekileyo yoshishino ukudala imihombiso uhlole iindlela zayo creative adlale Chagall kwi ingcambu, ezama ukuba basondele 'revolution "isimbo esitsha yokudweba. abasemagunyeni Party wenza iinzame eziliqela ukuzisa yoku- ecaleni lakhe, kodwa njengoko Chagall ukuba sele iyinto eyamkelwa inkosi-iklasi lehlabathi brush, ezi kwazanywa aziphumelelanga.

eliphikisayo

Zamehlo phakathi inkululeko-bothando igcisa nobunkokeli wamaKomanisi, kungekudala ibe ngxabano evulekileyo, noMarko Shagal Amaqumrhu eyemka ngayo kweli lizwe kunye nentsapho yakhe.

Berlin yaba sisixeko sokuqala eYurophu, apho kuhlala Marc, uBella Ida. Artist uzama ukufumana imali umboniso 1914 weza nto, uninzi mizobo wanyamalala. Chagall babuya Imizobo ezintathu kuphela, kodwa watercolors elinesibini.

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1923, uMarko wafumana ileta evela eParis umhlobo wakhe omdala, ngubani uyimema ukuba eze kwikomkhulu isiFrentshi. Chagall uyeza, yaye apho ulindele omnye ukudana - imifanekiso ukuba Bayishiya kwangoko kwi "Ekwakuphithizela" naye unyamalele. Nangona kunjalo, lo igcisa angalahlekelwa intliziyo, yena iqala ukuphinda-bhala yobuciko zabo. Ukongeza, Mark Shagal ifumana isithembiso evela umvakalisi enkulu obonisa iincwadi. Yena iqala inoveli "Imiphefumlo Abafileyo" yi Nikolaya Vasilevicha Gogolya kunye ngokugqibeleleyo uhlangabezana njani nale msebenzi.

uhambo Family

Income Chagall ndomelezeka, yena kunye nentsapho yakhe uqala ukuba aye kumazwe aseYurophu. Kwaye phakathi imigama umzobi wabhala Imizobo yakhe ongafiyo, nto leyo iya ngokukhanya, "Portrait kabini", "Ida efestileni," "Ubomi lali." Ukongeza imizobo, Chagall inxaxheba obonisa le ncwadi "La Fontaine kaThixo Iintsomi."

Ngowe-1931, Mark Shagal watyelela ePalestina, ufuna ukuba ilizwe wooyise. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, apho igcisa waba kwiLizwe oyiNgcwele, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukutshintsha isimo sakhe ebomini. UBella intombi Ida kaThixo, kuba ebeza, wayemthanda oku. Emva e Paris, Chagall unenkxalabo kuphela imifanekiso yeBhayibhile.

Ukufudukela America

Kule banesifo emva kwexesha, ebaleka German amaNazi, usapho Chagall yakhe bafudukela eUnited States. Kwaye kwakhona - ukusebenza ubuhle wokubonelwa, eli xesha ballet Russian. Igor Stravinsky ngoko ulicekisile umsebenzi Chagall kunye uPicasso wakhetha imizobo, isinxibo yeqonga kodwa athathiweyo zabhalwa nguMarko.

Imfazwe eYurophu ngokupheleleyo, nangona kucacile ukuba Wesithathu lamoyisa. Ngehlobo lowe-1944 iza iindaba ezilungileyo - uHitler esengozini uzinikele kuye. Kodwa ekupheleni Agasti, Marc Chagall likufikela intlekele, esibhedlele ngesiquphe uyafa nokudumba uBella. Umculi ulahlekelwa intsingiselo yobomi kunye intlungu, kodwa ixhasa kwaye inceda intombi eliseleyo Ida. kweenyanga ezisithoba kuphela kamva Chagall ithatha esandleni. Ngoku ufumana usindiso kule mini ipeyinti umsebenzi nobusuku. Ukufuna Creative wegcisa wamnceda ukusinda ekulahlekeni kabukhali.