AbaPhathiswa boKhuselo base-US: Uluhlu. ISekela labaPhathiswa boKhuselo baseMerika. UAshton Carter, uNobhala wezoKhuselo wase-US: i-biography, isithombe, imisebenzi

UMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko we-United States of America nguye igunya elilawulayo kweli lizwe. Ulawula imiba yokhuselo lwesizwe, ukulungelelaniswa kwezigqibo zezopolitiko kwintsimi yokukhusela, kunye nokulawulwa kwezi ngxaki. Intloko yesebe nguNobhala wezoKhuseleko waseMelika. Yimiphi imisebenzi yakhe kunye nendlela umlawuli-oyintloko wePentagon abekwe ngayo?

Imbali yoBulungiseleli

I-ofisi yasungulwa ehlobo le-1947, ekudibaniseni ekupheleni zonke iinqununu zempi zelizwe phantsi kwephahla elilodwa. Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, iUnited States yaqalisa umzabalazo okhuphiswano phakathi kwemikhosi yemikhosi eyahlukeneyo ukutsala utyalo-mali kunye nelungelo lokubizwa ngokuba lilungele. UMphathiswa wezoKhuselo wayeyalelwe ukuba ayeke lo mzabalazo aze aququzelele zonke izenzo kunye.

Olu khuphiswano lubonakaliswe ngokukodwa kumgaqo weNtloko yokuqala yesebe - D. I-Forrestal. Yena, owayekade ewisele umkhosi wemikhosi yamanxweme, wagxininisa ekukhuseleni okukhulu kwakha izithuthi zomoya, ezaqhubeka ziphikisana, kodwa sele ziphakathi kwintlangano.

Kwi-suburb yaseWashington, i-Arlington yikomkhulu leenkonzo. Wonke umntu uyayifumana ngendlela yepentagon, apho igama elithi Pentagon liye lafika khona.

Iimpawu zokuthatha iofisi

UNobhala wezoKhuseleko wase-United States (ifoto ifumaneka kwinqaku) liqeshwe ngumongameli welizwe, kwaye lo mtyunjwa angangena kwiofisi kuphela emva kokuvunyelwa kweSenethi. Kukho umgaqo ngokusetyenziselwa ukuba uqale umsebenzi weentlanganiso emva kweminyaka eyisixhenxe emva kokukhonza kwiiQumrhu zeSizwe.

Isebe lasekwa ngowe-1947, umphathiswa wokuqala ophantsi komongameli kaHarry Truman nguYames Forrestal.

Esi sithuba sibaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe lonke. Ngokomyalelo welifa leposi, xa ukhubaze uMongameli, uNobhala wezoKhuseleko waseMelika ngumntu wesithandathu kwimeko. Ephakathi koFebruwari 2015, u-Ashton Carter wamiselwa kule post. UngumRashiya, njengoBarack Obama.

Ikomkhulu leNgqungquthela livela ePentagon.

Amasebe aphantsi koMphathiswa

Ngokuthe ngqo ku-Ashton Carter ngaba ngabalawuli abalandelayo:

• USekela Mphathiswa wezoKhuseleko wezinga lokuqala;
• USekela Mphathiswa wezoKhuselo kwiNkxaso yezobuGcisa
• USekela-Mphathiswa wezoKhuseleko kwiNgxaki zeMigaqo-nkqubo;
• Isekela likaMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko kwiMicimbi yabasebenzi, intloko yeengcaphephe.

Bonke bayabizelwa ukukhusela urhulumente. Ngokuqinisekileyo bonke abaphathiswa basekela be-defense base-US kufuneka bavunywe yi-Senate. E-Amerika kukho inxalenye yomyalelo wemikhosi exhobileyo-iKomidi yabaSebenzi beNtloko. Ukwazisa ngqo ngqo kumphathiswa kwiintloko ezintandathu.

Umntu wesibini mkhulu kwisebe nguSekela loPhathiswa wokuqala. Namhlanje esi sikhundla siphethwe nguRobert Work. Ngokomthetho, unelungelo lokusebenza njengoNobhala wezoKhuseleko eMelika. Ngokubambisana noAshton Carter, uyasombulula iingxaki kunoma yiphina inqanaba, isandla sakhe sokunene.

Umyalelo wesizwe ogunyazisiweyo

UNobhala wezoKhuseleko wase-United States, kunye nomongameli osemthethweni welizwe, ngumyalelo wesizwe ogunyazisiweyo. Oku kukulawulwa kweqhosha le-nyukliya. Kule meko, ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo soqhinga kunokuvunyelwa ngenye yazo, kodwa kuphela kokubili ngexesha elinye. Akukho mntu okarhulumente onokukwenza oku.

Ngaloo ndlela, umntu kule ndawo uphathiswe uxanduva olunzulu lwezokhuseleko kungekuphela kwelizwe lakhe, kodwa kwihlabathi lonke.

Biography yaseAshton Carter

Kuza kube namhlanje, u-Ashton Carter nguNobhala wezoKhuseleko wase-US. I-biography yakhe, ngokukhawuleza, ayixhunyekanga nenkonzo emkhosini, kwaye akukho msebenzi kwimikhosi ye-NATO.

Ekuqaleni, u-Ashton Carter wafunda i-physics kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, nalapho wafumana i-bachelor degree in history. Emva koko wafundisa eHarvard naseStanford waza wacebisa uGoldman Sachs kwizopolitiko.

Emva koko, wamkela isikhundla soNobhala weSebe loKhuseleko kwiingxaki kunye neengxaki zeNgaphandle. Le ngxelo ayifumane ekulawuleni uBill Clinton, kwaye wakhonza apho ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1995. Ngo-2009, esele phantsi koMongameli Obama, uCarter wabuyela kwiSebe elifanayo kwiphathiswa leSekela loLondolozo kunye noNikezelo, kwaye ngo-2011 laphakanyiswa ukuba libe nguSekela-Mphathiswa wokuqala.

Ngoku u-Ashton Carter uneminyaka engama-61 ubudala, utshatile kuStephanie Carter.

AbaPhathiswa boKhuselo baseMelika

Ukususela ngo-1947, iSebe lezoKhuseleko lase-United States litshintshwe likhulu leenkosi. Ngamnye wabo wazama ukufaka isandla ekuphuhliseni umkhosi. Okwangoku, ngokuchanekileyo , imikhosi yaseMelika inokuthi ithathwa njengomkhosi onamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Konke oku kubulela kwisabelomali esilungileyo kunye neenjini zegciwane. Uninzi lweengcali zithandekile ukucinga ukuba le bombast ingasebenza nje njengesitya soxinzelelo kwezinye iindawo.

Abaphathiswa bezokhuselo base-United States (abalulwe apha ngezantsi) bahlala bequlunqa izicwangciso kunye nezicwangciso zokuvuselela umkhosi. Umphathiswa wokuqala woKhuseleko nguJames Forrestal. Uyaziwa ngokugxininisa ekudalweni kwenani elikhulu labaphathi beenqwelo. Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba sakhe akazange ahlangane nenkxaso kulo mbandela. Abanye abalingane bakhe bakholelwa ukuba umnqweno wolwandle wahlala kunye naye ekubeni umyalelo we-navy. Ukufa kwakhe kuphakamisa imibuzo emininzi, kodwa igosa elisemthethweni lizibulala. Ngezantsi uluhlu lweenkonzo:

• UJames Forrestal (ukususela ngo-1947 ukuya ku-1949);
• ULuis Arthur Johnson (ukususela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1950);
• UGeorge Marshall (ukususela ngo-1950 ukuya ku-1951);
• URobert Lovett (ukususela ngo-1951 ukuya ku-1953);
• UCharles Wilson (ukususela ngo-1953 ukuya ku-1957);
• Neil Makelrooy (ukususela ngo-1957 ukuya ku-1959);
• UThomas Gates (ukususela ngo-1959 ukuya ku-1961);
• URobert McNamara (ukususela ngo-1961 ukuya ku-1968);
• UClake Clifford (ukususela ngo-1968 ukuya ku-1969);
• UMelvin Layard (ukususela ngo-1969 ukuya ku-1973);
• U-Eliot Richardson (malunga neenyanga ezine ngo-1973);
• UJames Schlesinger (ukususela ngo-1973 ukuya ku-1975);
• UDonald Rumsfeld (ukususela ngo-1975 ukuya ku-1977);
• UHarold Brown (ukususela ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1981);
• UCaspar Weinberger (ukususela ngo-1981 ukuya ku-1987);
• UFrank Karluchi (ukususela ngo-1987 ukuya ku-1989);
• URichard Cheney (ukususela ngo-1989 ukuya ku-1993);
• Ihlathi le-Espin (ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-1994);
• UWilliam Parry (ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-1997);
• UWilliam Cohen (ukususela ngo-1997 ukuya ku-2001);
• UDonald Rumsfeld (ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2006);
• URobert Geets (ukususela ngo-2006 ukuya ku-2011);
• ULeon Panet (ukususela ngo-2011 ukuya ku-2013);
• Chuck Heigl (ukususela ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2015);
• Ashton Carter (ukususela ngo-2015 ukuya kwangoku).

Intloko yanamhlanje yePentagon yi-twenty-five in row.

Iingxelo zoMphathiswa wezokugqibela wezoKhuseleko

Omnye u-2014 wabonisa ukuba ukungonakaliswa kobudlelwane phakathi kwe-US kunye neRashiya akunakwenzeka. Umceli ku-Chuck Heigl Ashton Carter (uNobhala wezoKhuseleko wase-United States) waqhubeka nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuquka iRashiya kwizicwangciso zezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko.

Uyazivumela ukuba azenzele iingxelo ezinzima kumchasane, oku kusebenza kumagosa akhe athileyo. Isikhubekiso ngo-2014 kwakukho imeko e-Ukraine, apho emva kokutshintsha kwamandla ngokunyanzeliswa kwintsimi yaseCrimea, yabuyela eRashiya, kunye nokulwa kwi-South-East yelizwe, engazange ibe nemiphumo. Enye ingxaki phakathi kwe-US kunye ne-Russia yimeko e-Syria.

Ngokutsho kwentloko yePentagon, eyayenza ngo-Agasti 2015 kwi-CNN, iRashiya iziphatha njengomdlali we-US, okwakungenjalo ngaphambili. Ukuqhubela phambili kule nto, wagqiba ekubeni iMelika inyanzelekile ukuba ikhusele iRussia Federation ngokwezoqoqosho.

Impikiswano kunye nokuhlolwa komsebenzi

Ingxabano kwiRiphabhulikhi yaseArabhu yaseArabhu, eyaqala ixesha elide ngaphambi kokungena kwe-E. Carter, ibe yinto enye echaphazela iinjongo zamazwe amabini. Ingongoma yesigebengu kwihlabathi lonke, elivela kwimida yeSiriya ne-Iraq phantsi kwegama le-IGIL (umbutho uvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni eRussia), yakhokelela ekubeni i-US yokuqala kunye neentlangano zayo zaqala ukuqhuma ibhomu kule mimandla, kwaye iRashiya yajoyina inkxaso yaseburhulumenteni baseSiriya.

Kulo mbandela kwimibono eyahlukeneyo yeendaba, ichazwe nguMongameli weRashiya V.V. UPutin noNobhala wezoKhuseleko u-Ashton Carter.

Iingcali zezempi zamaqela ahlukeneyo ziye zavakalisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo uluvo lokuba, ngenkxaso-mali eninzi kunye nobukho bemibutho yamabutho, uMnyango wezoKhuseleko wase-United States awukwazi ukulawula ngokubambisana imikhosi. Oku kwabonakala kwimisebenzi yamkhosi yangaphambili. Ngomnyaka we-1986, umthetho we-Goldwater-Nicholls wadluliselwa, wenzelwe ukubuyisela kwakhona uxanduva kunye nokuthobela yonke imikhosi kumyalelo omnye. Le nyaniso yayomeleza umkhosi.

Nangona kunjalo, amasebe kunye nomsebenzi wabasebenzi kuze kube yimini bafunda indlela yokusebenzisana. Oku akulula kakhulu nenani elikhulu lemibutho yomkhosi kunye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sobulungiseleli ngokwawo.

Ukuvakalisa iRashiya ingozi

Mhlawumbi inkxalabo ebalulekileyo kunokuba isaziso seRashiya sisisongelo esikhulu kwiUnited States. Le nkcazo yenziwe yisekela lenhloko yePentagon, uJoseph Dunford, kwiCongress ngoJulayi 2015. Ngaphambili, uMongameli we-US uBarack Obama uthetha ngale ndlela. Ukukhula kwamandla empi, ubukho bezixhobo zenukliya - ezi zizinto ezinzulu, kodwa i-Pentagon ayikwazanga ukuxolela iRashiya ngokungavumelani nomgaqo-nkqubo we-Amerika. Inkxalabo iye yaqina ngenxa yengcinezelo yolwazi olungalindelekanga ukusuka kwi-Russia kunye ne-US kwihlabathi.

Ngo-Oktobha 2015, intloko ye-US Air Force yenza iingxelo ezifanayo. UDeborah Lee James uthe, njengamandla enyukliya, iRashiya ithathwa njengengozi enkulu kwilizwe. Ngo-2016, uBarack Obama wongezwa kuloluhlu kunye neChina.

UNobhala wezoKhuseleko waseMelika unesimo esibi kakhulu. Akuxhomekeke kuphela kwezopolitiko kwilizwekazi elinye, kodwa nakwihlabathi lonke. Iingxelo zakhe ziphulaphulwa kwaye ezininzi zilindeleke ukuba zifudumale kwiintlondi zeenkokheli zehlabathi.