Ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe: indlela iziganeko, imbali, olunomdla

ngowokuqala, ukusongela zolotaya Orda kwi banesifo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XV waqalisa ukuba bangenise imiqondiso ecacileyo kubola. Yaba sibalulekile ithembisa ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkqubo, nto leyo ekhokelele ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe, phantse ezimbini ezinesiqingatha iinkulungwane gravitated phezu kumazwe Russian. umhla lakhe ithathwa Novemba 11, 1480, xa ixesha elide ngxabano kwi sisinkantazi River phakathi kumaqela umkhosi Russian kunye ukubola wagqiba basaba utshaba.

Ekuweni loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene

Musa ukugcina anayo kwaye ibhodi i noyinkokheli emkhosini Emir Edigeya, ezama ukulibala isandla yentsimbi imo ukubola. Ngokukhawuleza emva wokuthabatha yakhe 1411, ezimbini ezintsha, elizimeleyo kwezinye Khanate nganye kwasekwa, yaye ukongezelela, ukusongela kwabo, baqhubeka ukwandisa amandla ayo ngokwenza eminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba Big mkhosi. walawula Ngubani na kule minyaka Khan Akhmat waba nempumelelo elithile ekubuyiselweni ubukhulu owayesakuba Mongol ithi, kodwa ukuba wenza siphila ixesha elifutshane, yaye ngenxa ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe kucingelwa umlinganiswa nkqubo ingenakunqandwa zembali. baba amabango imperious yeenkosana Tatar ngamnye namandla kakhulu.

Ukomeleza lo ubulawuli eMoscow

Kweli xesha kwakukho someleza elibalulekileyo Moscow, ngaphandle apho ekulweni eRashiya ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe bekuya kuba nzima. A ebonakalisa ngokucacileyo oku ukwala Grand Prince Ivan III ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi anayo ngaphambi. Ngenxa yoko, oku kuya kungekudala kupheza zonke iirisiti imali evela kumazwe Russian ukuba khans kodwa waqhubeka ukuba lisithathe ulus lwabo - ummandla phantsi kolawulo lwabo. Ukususela ngelo xesha Mezhuyev prince of eMoscow anayo Khan iqala umzabalazo ezazingasombululeki. Ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe lwaya yinyani.

Ukulungiselela impi

Han Ahmat - umninindlu nyambalala yomkhosi, azi ukuba kuphela impembelelo ekhawulezileyo nenamandla kwabangela eMoscow, uyakwazi nyanzela Russian kwakhona ukuba ahlawule irhafu. Oku kwenza ukuba uqale elungiselela iphulo isigqibo. Abanelisekanga inani imikhosi engango (phambi ukuwa abachaphazelekayo ibutho omnye), Ahmad waqukumbela isivumelwano kwimisebenzi ezimanyene zomkhosi Lithuanian prince Kazimierz, azitsho isabelo sawo ekuphangeni zizonke zamazwe Russian.

EMoscow njengoko Prince Ivan Iii - ngumpolitiki elumkileyo ezifihlakeleyo, ngokuchanekileyo yahlola meko, lifumene inkxaso iCrimea Khan Mengli Giray, ngubani umchasi ezingenanceba Akhmad. Olubalo isekelwe kwinto yokuba woyika ngokucacileyo inzuzo ukubola umphathi, ekwaziyo elandela hambo kwi eMoscow ukuba amajoni lwayo eCrimea, leyo aspired elide. Xa befunda, ngokucacileyo oko kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe kwakubangelwa ubukhulu becala uxabana kunye feuds, leyo ndazi hlokondiba nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba ukubola yayo. Oku kungqinwa umlando ezininzi emidala.

Iimeko apho waqalisa ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe

Unyaka we-1480, xa ikhulu lamawaka umkhosi Khan Akhmat bafudukela Nyathela eMoscow, yaba yingozi kuye. Ngokutsho izivumelwano waqukumbela ngaphambili, ngelo xesha ke kwakufuneka ukuba aphume namabutho Lithuanian, kodwa linala ezozinto waphula ezi zicwangciso - ngaphakathi Duchy of Lithuania yahlasela ngesiquphe nemikhosi yazo eMoscow ally - i iCrimea Khan. ndlongo kwakhe ngequbuliso kwanyanzeleka iinkosana Lithuanian ukugxila onke amandla zabo reflection yakhe inkunzi Akhmat inkxaso yabo. Ngenxa yoko, Khan kwafuneka ukuba uthembele ngamandla abo.

Ngelo xesha, imikhosi Russian ngokukhawuleza kwaziswa malunga nendlela lotshaba, ahlala ngaseludinini Oka. Lihamba ngendlela Moscow, nangezinto ngoJuni kubanjwa, baphanga ukulungela ukusebenza kunye Serpukhov. Le meko wawunzima kukuba ngexesha elifanayo Pskov waya Knights German. I kubakhawulela ndafudukela ibutho phantsi umyalelo Ivan i Young - unyana oselula Moscow Prince Ivan III. Grand Duke yena kunye nemikhosi ephambili ngelo xesha Kolomna.

Le ngeziqu kwi Ugra

Han Ahmat Ngaphandle kokuchitha ithemba ngakumbi ukusekelwa Lithuanian wayikhupha imikhosi ukuba umlomo womlambo Ugra ehamba ecaleni emazantsi-ntshona umda welizwe Russian, kwaye ilindele Prince Casimir wathabatha isikhundla ukuzithethelela. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa kubo kwelinye icala lomlambo ekhokela imikhosi Russian kungekudala wabonakala, yaye emva kwabo kwafika imikhosi eziphambili ikhokelwa yi iNkosana eMoscow. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba babheje ukumangala ukuhlaselwa Khan abakwazanga.

Ngexesha nje elingephi, omabini amacala baye bazama ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngaphesheya koMlambo, ukuhlasela, kodwa akukho namnye kubo waphumelela. Kunjalo, le meko itshintshe ukuyivuma Russian. Beza ukunceda ezishelifini Uglich Prince uAndrew Volotsk - ngaphambili Boris angafuni ukuxhasa Ivan III. Njengoko Han Ahmat akazange alinde namahlakani Lithuanian, lo preponderance kwamandla iye itsheke esivumelana baseRashiya.

Ekwindla, nendlala

Yonke ehlotyeni nasekwindla yokuqala ka-1480 kwakukho isidubedube rhoqo phakathi imikhosi akhiwe kumacala ahlukeneyo lomlambo. Kuyenzeka ukuba lungqubano lomncedis ka X. ukuzama ukufezekisa nawuphi umphumo ngokusebenzisa thethwano. Kodwa ukuba aqalise intlawulo irhafu eMoscow ngaw 'omane, kunye naziphi na ezinye iimeko zehlabathi Ahmad akazange avume. Oku waze ngoNovemba.

Winter ngaloo nyaka kusasa, kwaye sele ekuqaleni kwenyanga Ugra emkhenkceni, kunye kumanxweme ayo legqunyiwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze ikhephu smorzshegosya. Ekubeni AmaTatar wayenethemba lokuba iphulo liza kuthatha indlela usebenze ngokukhawuleza emkhosini, yaye zange awukhathalele ngokubonelela amajoni ngokutya kwezilwanyana, kungekudala indlala kweminquba yabo. Baya ubunzima ngenxa yendlala imfazwe-mahashe.

Esi siganeko leyo iqhutywe ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe

Chaza ukuba kwenzeka ntoni November 11, 1480, kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, nditsho phakathi mbali akukho kuvumelana kulo. Phakathi kwabo, impikiswano iyaqhubeka enoba yaba njengecebo eqaliswe Ivan III, okanye wadlala indima kwimeko. Kodwa siyazi ukuba ngaloo mini isikhulu wayalela ukuba ukurhoxisa umkhosi wakhe emhlabeni ukuya kwidolophu Borovsk. Xa Russian washiya elunxwemeni, nangezinto basabela engalindelekanga ngokupheleleyo - basaba.

Abaninzi bathi le nto yokuba isenzo yangaphandle Russian wakhangela ngathi nokutsalela AmaTatar esibatheni zilungiswe kwi ibhanki esahlukileyo, yaye ukuba kunjalo, ngoko, bekufanele ukuba ibutho, leyo nje babengazi. Kodwa ke, kunjalo, le AmaTatar zibalekile. Ngenxa yoko, ngokubhukuqwa ukubola idyokhwe yaba sisiphumo kubulawa ngempumelelo kushenxa, kungekhona idabi wamagazi. Noko ke, imbali uyazi kufumaneka emininzi enjalo.

Sisiqalo senkqubo enkulu

Noko ke, oku kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkqubo, kunye ukubhukuqwa yokugqibela ukubola idyokhwe leyo eziseza. ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini, njengoko AmaTatar owababhuqayo amtshisa eKiev, waza wenza iphulo kubamba nxamnye ekumzantsi-ntshona imimandla yaseRashiya. Oku yandiswa ukuntsonkotha le meko kunye Lithuania. Ngo-1501, bonke oovimba zomkhosi kwafuneka ukuba siyifake vangama ka ngomsindo wayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, Ivan Iii wanyanzeleka ukuba aqalise intlawulo irhafu ukuya inkosi anayo olandelayo okwethutyana - unyana ka Akhmad Khan Sheikh Ahmed, yintoni babheke kakhulu ukubhukuqwa ngokupheleleyo ukubola idyokhwe. Umhla November 11, ngoko ke, kuphela sisiqalo sohambo olude, kokugqitywa owenzeka ngo ebukumkanini Ivana Groznogo, kodwa bakholwa kodwa ukuba isiphelo ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini ukucinezelwa ngafakwa kule mini.

Kwanasemva kokuba ukupheliswa i Khanate Kazan ngo 1552. eRashiya iminyaka emininzi ubunzima ukusuka ayohlala, kodwa okuthile abo sele umlinganiswa yokuhlaselwa kubamba yaye bacinezelwa amajoni rhoqo. Akukho apho ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko izizwe emathafeni Russian, ingakumbi ukuba ndothulele umnqwazi oko wayehamba. Enye amaphepha anzima imbali eRashiya luye lwaba phezu ngokusisigxina.